Department of Nutrition and Food Quality Assessment, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia.
Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 01, Vodnany, Czech Republic.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2020 Apr;27(12):13501-13511. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-07950-x. Epub 2020 Feb 5.
Within this study, we were interested in the effects of wastewater on the development of antimicrobial resistance. Microorganisms can relatively promptly adapt to evolutionary pressures of the environment, including antibiotics. Therefore, we tested how the adaptability of the model microorganism Salmonella enterica is affected by wastewater full of pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, and other micropollutants. Wastewater samples had been taken from effluent of hospitals and from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) Petržalka influent and effluent. In these samples, presence of 38 substances was monitored. The highest concentration was observed in case of tramadol, citalopram, venlafaxine, cotinine, atenolol, valsartan, carbamazepine, azithromycin, and ciprofloxacin. According to this data, we focused also on individual pharmaceutical compounds presented in wastewater samples in elevated concentrations. Effect on resistance development of two pain relief medications (carbamazepine, tramadol), hypotensive medications (atenolol, valsartan), and the nicotine metabolite (cotinine) was also investigated. For this study, we employed concentrations presented in wastewater as well as in urine of patients and/or users. To determine the frequency of mutations leading to ciprofloxacin resistance, we applied the modified Ames test employing the strain Salmonella Typhimurium. Resistance index increased in the case of all wastewater samples from conventional hospitals where we observed a 1.22-1.69-fold increase of mutations leading to ciprofloxacin resistance. Tested compounds caused rise of resistance index in lower concentrations found in wastewater. The most significant increase of resistance index was detected after carbamazepine treatment.
在这项研究中，我们对废水对抗微生物药物耐药性发展的影响感兴趣。微生物可以相对迅速地适应环境的进化压力，包括抗生素。因此，我们测试了充满药物、非法药物和其他微污染物的废水如何影响模式微生物沙门氏菌的适应性。废水样本取自医院废水和佩特里察尔卡废水处理厂（WWTP）的进水和出水。在这些样本中，监测了 38 种物质的存在。曲马多、西酞普兰、文拉法辛、可替宁、阿替洛尔、缬沙坦、卡马西平、阿奇霉素和环丙沙星的浓度最高。根据这些数据，我们还关注了废水中存在的高浓度的个别药物化合物。我们还研究了两种止痛药物（卡马西平、曲马多）、降压药物（阿替洛尔、缬沙坦）和尼古丁代谢物（可替宁）对耐药性发展的影响。在这项研究中，我们使用了废水和患者/使用者尿液中存在的浓度。为了确定导致环丙沙星耐药性的突变频率，我们应用了改良的艾姆斯试验，使用了沙门氏菌 Typhimurium 菌株。在我们观察到导致环丙沙星耐药性的突变增加 1.22-1.69 倍的常规医院的所有废水样本中，耐药指数增加。测试化合物在废水中发现的较低浓度下引起耐药指数上升。在用卡马西平处理后，耐药指数的增加最为显著。
