Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fiedlerstraße 27, D-01307 Dresden, Germany; Research Association Public Health Saxony and Saxony Anhalt, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fiedlerstraße 33, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
Research Association Public Health Saxony and Saxony Anhalt, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fiedlerstraße 33, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
Sci Total Environ. 2015 Nov 1;532:762-70. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.067. Epub 2015 Jun 27.
The present study determines removal rates (RR) of 56 pharmaceuticals and metabolites, respectively, in an urban sewage treatment plant using mass flow analysis by comparing influent and effluent loads over a consecutive ten-day monitoring period. Besides well investigated compounds like carbamazepine and metoprolol, less researched targets, such as topiramate, pregabalin, telmisartan, and human metabolites of pharmaceuticals were included. Another aim was to determine the ratio of pharmaceuticals and corresponding metabolites in raw wastewater. Valsartan and gabapentin were detected at the highest average concentrations in influent (c(val) = 29.7 (± 8.1) μg/L, c(gab) = 13.2 (± 3.3) μg/L) and effluent (c(val) = 22.1 (± 5.1) μg/L, c(gab) = 12.1 (± 2.6) μg/L) samples. The comparison of mass loads in influent and effluent showed a significant removal (p<0.1) for 20 compounds but only enalapril, eprosartan, losartan, pregabalin, and quetiapine were removed from the aqueous phase by more than 50%. Another 20 compounds were determined without significant difference and for five compounds (clindamycin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, O-desmethyl venlafaxine, triamterene), a significant higher mass load in the effluent than in the influent was observed. It has to be noticed that metabolites like 10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy carbamazepine (MHD) are found in higher mass loads than the corresponding parent compound in the sewage samples. Furthermore, metabolites and parent compound behave differently in the sewage treatment process. While MHD (RR = 15.1%) was detected with lower mass load in the effluent than in the influent, oxcarbazepine (RR = -73.2%) showed the contrary pattern. When comparing expected and measured ratios of parent compound and metabolite in raw sewage, citalopram/N-desmethyl citalopram for example, showed good results. However, a major problem exists due to insufficient data regarding metabolism and excretion of many pharmaceuticals. This complicates the prediction of relevant metabolites and further efforts are needed to overcome this problem.
本研究通过质量流分析，比较连续十天监测期间的进水和出水负荷，确定了 56 种药物及其代谢物的去除率（RR）。除了像卡马西平、美托洛尔这样研究充分的化合物外，还包括了较少研究的目标，如托吡酯、普瑞巴林、替米沙坦和药物的人体代谢物。另一个目的是确定原污水中药物及其相应代谢物的比例。缬沙坦和加巴喷丁在进水（c(val) = 29.7 (± 8.1) μg/L，c(gab) = 13.2 (± 3.3) μg/L）和出水（c(val) = 22.1 (± 5.1) μg/L，c(gab) = 12.1 (± 2.6) μg/L）样品中平均浓度最高。进水和出水的质量负荷比较表明，20 种化合物有显著的去除效果（p<0.1），但只有依那普利、厄贝沙坦、氯沙坦、普瑞巴林和喹硫平被从水相中去除了 50%以上。另有 20 种化合物没有显著差异，对于五种化合物（克林霉素、拉莫三嗪、奥卡西平、O-去甲文拉法辛、阿米洛利），在出水中的质量负荷明显高于进水。需要注意的是，在污水样品中，代谢物如 10,11-二氢-10-羟基卡马西平（MHD）的质量负荷比相应的母体化合物更高。此外，代谢物和母体化合物在污水处理过程中的行为不同。虽然 MHD（RR = 15.1%）在出水中的质量负荷低于进水，但奥卡西平（RR = -73.2%）则相反。当比较原化合物和代谢物在原污水中的预期和实测比例时，例如西酞普兰/N-去甲基西酞普兰，结果较好。然而，由于许多药物的代谢和排泄数据不足，存在一个主要问题。这使得相关代谢物的预测变得复杂，需要进一步努力来解决这个问题。
