The Evolution of Antimicrobial Resistance in Mexico During the Last Decade: Results from the INVIFAR Group.

Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) requires an international approach with national and local strategies. Our aim was to summarize a retrospective 10-year report of antibiotic resistance of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in Mexico. A total of 46 centers from 22 states of Mexico participated. Databases of AMR from January 2009 to December 2018 were included for most species. The 10-year period was divided into five 2-year periods. For a decrease in resistance in all specimens was observed for erythromycin and oxacillin ( < 0.0001 for each). For spp., resistance to meropenem increased for urine specimens ( = 0.0042). For spp., increased drug resistance in specimens collected from blood was observed for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, gentamicin, tobramycin ( < 0.0001 for each), meropenem ( = 0.0014), and aztreonam ( = 0.0030). For complex, high drug resistance was detected for almost all antibiotics, including carbapenems, except for tobramycin, which showed decreased resistance for urine, respiratory, and blood isolates ( < 0.0001 for each), and for amikacin, which showed a decrease in resistance in urine specimens ( = 0.0002). An increase in resistance to cefepime was found for urine, respiratory, and blood specimens ( < 0.0001 for each). For , aztreonam resistance increased for isolates recovered from blood ( = 0.0001). This laboratory-based surveillance of antibiotic resistance shows that resistance is increasing for some antibiotics in different bacterial species in Mexico and highlights the need for continuous monitoring of antibiotic resistance.