Gott S P
Air Force Basic Job Skills Research Program, Air Force Human Resources Laboratory, Brooks AFB, TX 78235-5601.
Aviat Space Environ Med. 1988 Nov;59(11 Pt 2):A59-64.
Expert diagnosticians draw upon rich, integrated structures of knowledge and associated action rules to achieve their prodigious performances. Studies in both medical diagnosis and electronic troubleshooting have revealed that it is particularized knowledge that plays a vital role for experts in both domains, not inexplicable powers of intuition. Advanced knowledge engineering methods have been developed and applied in a number of Air Force technical domains so that experts' mental databases and procedural libraries can be made explicit enough to serve as targets of instruction. Instructional principles have been derived from this knowledge engineering work and are guiding the development of a new generation of Air Force technical training systems. The training dictum is to teach from realistic cases so that theory of system operation and specialized solution methods are taught in tandem. The learning environments will further foster the welding of factual knowledge to action rules by providing "assisted laboratory" experiences via intelligent tutoring systems. In these environments, trainees can practice carrying out diagnoses on increasingly complex problems with the help of an articulate expert coach.
专业诊断人员依靠丰富、综合的知识结构及相关行动规则来展现其卓越表现。医学诊断和电子故障排除方面的研究表明，对于这两个领域的专家而言，发挥关键作用的是特定领域的知识，而非难以解释的直觉能力。先进的知识工程方法已在多个空军技术领域得到开发和应用，从而使专家的心智数据库和程序库能够清晰到足以作为教学目标。教学原则源自这项知识工程工作，并正在指导新一代空军技术训练系统的开发。训练原则是从实际案例出发进行教学，以便系统操作理论和专门的解决方法能够同步传授。学习环境将通过智能辅导系统提供“辅助实验室”体验，进一步促进事实性知识与行动规则的融合。在这些环境中，学员可以在一位能清晰表达的专家教练的帮助下，针对日益复杂的问题进行诊断练习。
