Comparative study of , , and gene families in fourteen species and their expression in .

Bud dormancy is one of the most important defensive mechanisms through which plants resist cold stress during harsh winter weather. , , and have been reported to be involved in many biological processes, including bud dormancy. In the present study, grapevine () and other thirteen plants (six woody plants and seven herbaceous plants) were analyzed for the quantity, sequence structure, and evolution patterns of their , , and gene family members. Moreover, the expression of , , and genes was also investigated. Thus, 51 , 1,205 , and 489 genes were isolated from selected genomes, while 5 , 114 , and 50 duplicate gene pairs were identified in 10 genomes. Moreover, WGD and segmental duplication events were associated with the majority of the expansions of and gene families. The , , and genes significantly differentially expressed throughout bud dormancy outnumbered those significantly differentially expressed throughout fruit development or under abiotic stresses. Interestingly, multiple stress responsive genes were identified, such as (VIT_00s0313g00070), two genes (VIT_18s0001g11310 and VIT_02s0025g02250), and two genes (VIT_07s0031g01710 and VIT_11s0052g00450). These data provide candidate genes for molecular biology research investigating bud dormancy and responses to abiotic stresses (namely salt, drought, copper, and waterlogging).