Cedillo-Pozos Aime, Ternovoy Sergey K, Roldan-Valadez Ernesto
Directorate of Research, Hospital General de Mexico "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City, Mexico.
Department of Radiology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.
Insights Imaging. 2020 Feb 7;11(1):18. doi: 10.1186/s13244-019-0814-7.
Across the globe, diseases secondary to environmental exposures have been described, and it was also found that existing diseases have been modified by exposure to environmental chemicals or an environmental factor that has been found in their pathogenesis. The Institute of Medicine has shared a permanent concern related to the nations environmental health capacity since 1988.
Contemporary imaging methods in the last 15 years started reporting alterations in different human systems such as the central nervous system, cardiovascular system and pulmonary system among others; evidence suggests the existence of a human environmental disease network. The primary anatomic regions, affected by environmental diseases, recently assessed with imaging methods include Brain (lead exposure, cerebral stroke, pesticide neurotoxicity), uses MRI, DTI, carotid ultrasonography and MRS; Lungs (smoke inhalation, organophosphates poisoning) are mainly assessed with radiography; Gastrointestinal system (chronic inflammatory bowel disease), recent studies have reported the use of aortic ultrasound; Heart (myocardial infarction), its link to environmental diseased has been proved with carotid ultrasound; and Arteries (artery hypertension), the impairment of aortic mechanical properties has been revealed with the use of aortic and brachial ultrasound.
Environmental epidemiology has revealed that several organs and systems in the human body are targets of air pollutants. Current imaging methods that can assess the deleterious effects of pollutants includes a whole spectrum: radiography, US, CT and MRI. Future studies will help to reveal additional links among environmental disease networks.
在全球范围内，已经有关于环境暴露引发的疾病的描述，并且还发现现有疾病会因接触环境化学物质或在其发病机制中发现的环境因素而发生改变。自1988年以来，医学研究所一直对国家的环境卫生能力保持着长期关注。
过去15年中的当代成像方法开始报告不同人体系统的改变，如中枢神经系统、心血管系统和肺部系统等；有证据表明存在人类环境疾病网络。最近通过成像方法评估的受环境疾病影响的主要解剖区域包括：脑（铅暴露、脑卒、农药神经毒性），使用磁共振成像（MRI）、扩散张量成像（DTI）、颈动脉超声检查和磁共振波谱（MRS）；肺（吸入烟雾、有机磷中毒）主要通过X线摄影评估；胃肠道系统（慢性炎症性肠病），最近的研究报告使用主动脉超声；心脏（心肌梗死），其与环境疾病的联系已通过颈动脉超声得到证实；以及动脉（动脉高血压），使用主动脉和肱动脉超声揭示了主动脉力学性能的损害。
环境流行病学表明，人体中的几个器官和系统是空气污染物的靶标。目前能够评估污染物有害影响的成像方法包括一系列：X线摄影、超声、计算机断层扫描（CT）和磁共振成像（MRI）。未来的研究将有助于揭示环境疾病网络之间的更多联系。
