School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K.
School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K.
Chem Rev. 2020 Jun 24;120(12):5745-5794. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00518. Epub 2020 Feb 12.
Nitrogen is ubiquitous in both natural and laboratory-grown diamond, but the number and nature of the nitrogen-containing defects can have a profound effect on the diamond material and its properties. An ever-growing fraction of the supply of diamond appearing on the world market is now lab-grown. Here, we survey recent progress in two complementary diamond synthesis methods-high pressure high temperature (HPHT) growth and chemical vapor deposition (CVD), how each is allowing ever more precise control of nitrogen incorporation in the resulting diamond, and how the diamond produced by either method can be further processed (e.g., by implantation or annealing) to achieve a particular outcome or property. The burgeoning availability of diamond samples grown under well-defined conditions has also enabled huge advances in the characterization and understanding of nitrogen-containing defects in diamond-alone and in association with vacancies, hydrogen, and transition metal atoms. Among these, the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defect in diamond is attracting particular current interest in account of the many new and exciting opportunities it offers for, for example, quantum technologies, nanoscale magnetometry, and biosensing.
氮在天然和实验室生长的钻石中都很普遍，但含氮缺陷的数量和性质会对钻石材料及其性质产生深远的影响。现在，出现在世界市场上的钻石供应中，越来越多的是实验室生长的钻石。在这里，我们调查了两种互补的钻石合成方法——高压高温（HPHT）生长和化学气相沉积（CVD）——的最新进展，这两种方法如何使氮在生成的钻石中的掺入得到更精确的控制，以及如何进一步处理由这两种方法生产的钻石（例如通过注入或退火）以实现特定的结果或特性。在明确条件下生长的钻石样品的大量供应，也使得对含氮缺陷的表征和理解取得了巨大的进展——无论是在钻石中，还是与空位、氢和过渡金属原子结合时。其中，由于它为量子技术、纳米尺度磁强计和生物传感等领域提供了许多新的令人兴奋的机会，因此钻石中的带负电荷的氮空位（NV）缺陷引起了人们的特别关注。
