Department of Environmental Planning and Design, Shahid Beheshti University, 1983969411 Tehran, Iran; Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Management, Institute for Natural Resource Conservation, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
Department of Environmental Planning and Design, Shahid Beheshti University, 1983969411 Tehran, Iran.
Sci Total Environ. 2020 Apr 10;712:136449. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136449. Epub 2020 Jan 7.
Land use/land cover (LULC) changes strongly affect catchment hydrology and sediment yields. The current study aims at analyzing the hydrological consequences of dynamic LULC changes in the Anzali wetland catchment, Iran. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT 2012) model was used to assess impacts on evapotranspiration, water yield, and sediment yield. Two model runs were performed using static and dynamic LULC inputs to evaluate the effects of LULC change between 1990 and 2013. For the static model, the LULC map of 1990 was used, whereas for the dynamic model, a gradual change of the LULC distribution was interpolated from 1990, 2000, and 2013 LULC data. The major LULC changes were identified as an increase of agricultural area by 7% of the catchment area and a decrease of forest coverage by 6.8% between 1990 and 2013. At the catchment scale, the differences in the long-term mean annual values for the main water balance components and sediment yield were smaller than 10 mm (<2.8%) and 3 t/km (<2.6%), respectively. However, at the sub-basin scale the increase of agricultural land use resulted in an increase of evapotranspiration, water yield, and sediment yield by up to 8.3%, 7%, and 169%, respectively, whereas urban expansion led to a decrease of evapotranspiration, water yield, and sediment yield by up to -3.5%, -2.3%, and -9.4%. According to the results of the monthly time scale analysis, the most significant impact of LULC changes occurs during the dry season months, when the increase of irrigation agriculture results in an increase in water discharge and sediment loads to the Anzali wetland. Overall, the results showed that the implementation of dynamic LULC change into the SWAT model could be adopted as a planning tool to manage LULC change of the Anzali wetland catchment in the future.
土地利用/土地覆被（LULC）变化强烈影响集水区的水文和泥沙产量。本研究旨在分析伊朗安扎利湿地集水区动态 LULC 变化的水文后果。使用土壤和水评估工具（SWAT 2012）模型来评估对蒸散、水产量和泥沙产量的影响。使用静态和动态 LULC 输入进行了两次模型运行，以评估 1990 年至 2013 年期间 LULC 变化的影响。对于静态模型，使用 1990 年的 LULC 图，而对于动态模型，从 1990 年、2000 年和 2013 年的 LULC 数据中插值出 LULC 分布的逐渐变化。主要的 LULC 变化是农业区增加了集水区面积的 7%，森林覆盖率减少了 6.8%，1990 年至 2013 年。在集水区尺度上，主要水平衡分量和泥沙产量的长期多年平均值的差异小于 10 毫米（<2.8%）和 3 吨/公里（<2.6%）。然而，在子流域尺度上，农业用地的增加导致蒸散量、水量和泥沙产量分别增加了 8.3%、7%和 169%，而城市扩张导致蒸散量、水量和泥沙产量分别减少了-3.5%、-2.3%和-9.4%。根据月度时间尺度分析的结果，LULC 变化的最显著影响发生在旱季月份，此时灌溉农业的增加导致向安扎利湿地排放的水量和泥沙负荷增加。总体而言，结果表明，将动态 LULC 变化纳入 SWAT 模型可以作为未来管理安扎利湿地集水区 LULC 变化的规划工具。
