Fischer Carol L
Biology Department, Waldorf University, Forest City, IA 50436, USA.
Antibiotics (Basel). 2020 Feb 11;9(2):75. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics9020075.
Host-derived lipids are increasingly recognized as antimicrobial molecules that function in innate immune activities along with antimicrobial peptides. Sphingoid bases and fatty acids found on the skin, in saliva and other body fluids, and on all mucosal surfaces, including oral mucosa, exhibit antimicrobial activity against a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and reduce inflammation in animal models. Multiple studies demonstrate that the antimicrobial activity of lipids is both specific and selective. There are indications that the site of action of antimicrobial fatty acids is the bacterial membrane, while the long-chain bases may inhibit cell wall synthesis as well as interacting with bacterial membranes. Research in this area, although still sporadic, has slowly increased in the last few decades; however, we still have much to learn about antimicrobial lipid mechanisms of activity and their potential use in novel drugs or topical treatments. One important potential benefit for the use of innate antimicrobial lipids (AMLs) as antimicrobial agents is the decreased likelihood side effects with treatment. Multiple studies report that endogenous AML treatments do not induce damage to cells or tissues, often decrease inflammation, and are active against biofilms. The present review summarizes the history of antimicrobial lipids from the skin surface, including both fatty acids and sphingoid bases, in multiple human body systems and summarizes their relative activity against various microorganisms. The range of antibacterial activities of lipids present at the skin surface and in saliva is presented. Some observations relevant to mechanisms of actions are discussed, but are largely still unknown. Multiple recent studies examine the therapeutic and prophylactic uses of AMLs. Although these lipids have been repeatedly demonstrated to act as innate effector molecules, they are not yet widely accepted as such. These compiled data further support fatty acid and sphingoid base inclusion as innate effector molecules.
宿主来源的脂质越来越被认为是抗菌分子，与抗菌肽一起在先天免疫活动中发挥作用。在皮肤、唾液和其他体液以及包括口腔黏膜在内的所有黏膜表面发现的鞘氨醇碱和脂肪酸，对多种革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌、病毒及真菌具有抗菌活性，并能减轻动物模型中的炎症。多项研究表明，脂质的抗菌活性具有特异性和选择性。有迹象表明，抗菌脂肪酸的作用位点是细菌膜，而长链碱基可能抑制细胞壁合成以及与细菌膜相互作用。该领域的研究虽然仍然零散，但在过去几十年中已缓慢增加；然而，我们对抗菌脂质的活性机制及其在新药或局部治疗中的潜在用途仍有很多需要了解的地方。使用先天抗菌脂质（AMLs）作为抗菌剂的一个重要潜在益处是治疗时副作用的可能性降低。多项研究报告称，内源性AML治疗不会诱导细胞或组织损伤，通常会减轻炎症，并且对生物膜有活性。本综述总结了来自皮肤表面的抗菌脂质（包括脂肪酸和鞘氨醇碱）在多个人体系统中的历史，并总结了它们对各种微生物的相对活性。介绍了皮肤表面和唾液中存在的脂质的抗菌活性范围。讨论了一些与作用机制相关的观察结果，但在很大程度上仍然未知。最近的多项研究探讨了AMLs的治疗和预防用途。尽管这些脂质已被反复证明可作为先天效应分子发挥作用，但它们尚未被广泛接受。这些汇总数据进一步支持将脂肪酸和鞘氨醇碱纳入先天效应分子。
