Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
Kamford Health and Genetics Centre, Central, Hong Kong.
Methods Mol Biol. 2020;2129:137-147. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0377-2_11.
Mouse models are important in the study of pathogenesis, testing new treatment, and monitoring the progress of treatment in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The mice commonly used are immunosuppressed. The first category of models is for basic research and includes genetically engineered mouse models and carcinogen- or diet-induced mouse models. The second category of models involves either injection of cells with altered gene function related to pathogenesis of ESCC or ESCC cell lines. This method is commonly used and relatively inexpensive and simple to use. These cells commonly being subcutaneous injected in flank (subcutaneous xenograft model), tail vein, or peritoneum of immunodeficient mice. Direct implantation into the esophagus (orthotopic xenograft model) is also performed despite the cost and technical difficulties. The third category of mouse model is the patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model. In this model, ESCC tissues (instead of cell lines) removed from the patient are implanted into immunodeficient mice. This model appears promising for personalized medicine and of high resemblance to the nature of human ESCC, but there are many limitations for the use. It is likely to be used more in research in ESCC in the future. In this chapter, we detailed the preparation and experiments of PDX model from a patient with ESCC.
小鼠模型在食管鳞状细胞癌（ESCC）的发病机制研究、新治疗方法的测试以及患者治疗进展的监测中具有重要作用。常用的小鼠为免疫抑制型。第一类模型用于基础研究，包括基因工程小鼠模型和致癌物或饮食诱导的小鼠模型。第二类模型涉及与 ESCC 发病机制相关的基因功能改变的细胞或 ESCC 细胞系的注射。这种方法通常被使用，相对便宜且使用简单。这些细胞通常被皮下注射到免疫缺陷小鼠的侧腹（皮下异种移植模型）、尾静脉或腹膜中。尽管成本和技术难度较高，直接植入食管（原位异种移植模型）也在进行。第三类小鼠模型是患者来源的异种移植（PDX）模型。在该模型中，从患者身上取出的 ESCC 组织（而非细胞系）被植入免疫缺陷小鼠中。该模型在个性化医学方面显示出很大的前景，与人类 ESCC 的性质高度相似，但在使用上存在许多限制。未来它可能会更多地用于 ESCC 的研究。在本章中，我们详细介绍了从一位 ESCC 患者中制备和进行 PDX 模型实验的过程。
