Psychological Neuroscience Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Alameda da Universidade, 1649-013, Lisbon, Portugal.
Psychol Res. 2021 Apr;85(3):958-979. doi: 10.1007/s00426-020-01294-4. Epub 2020 Feb 14.
The influence of emotion on memory has been mainly examined by manipulating the emotional valence and/or arousal of critical items. Few studies probed how emotional information presented during the encoding of critical neutral items modulates memory recognition, particularly when considering source memory features. In this study, we specified the role of emotional encoding contexts in internal source memory performance (discrimination between encoding tasks) using a mixed (Experiment 1) and a blocked design (Experiment 2). During the study phase, participants were required to evaluate a set of neutral words, using either a self-referential or a semantic (common judgment) encoding strategy. Prior and concomitantly with each word, negative, neutral or positive pictures were presented in the background. The beneficial effect of self-referential encoding was observed for both item and internal source memory in both experiments. Remarkably, item and internal source memory recognition was not modulated by emotion, even though a secondary analysis indicated that the consistent exposure to negative (vs. positive) information led to worse source memory performance. These findings suggest that internal source memory of neutral items is not always affected by changing or repetitive emotional encoding contexts.
情绪对记忆的影响主要通过操纵关键项目的情绪效价和/或唤醒度来研究。很少有研究探究在编码关键中性项目期间呈现的情绪信息如何调节记忆识别，特别是当考虑源记忆特征时。在这项研究中，我们使用混合（实验 1）和块设计（实验 2）来确定情绪编码上下文在内部源记忆表现（编码任务之间的区分）中的作用。在学习阶段，要求参与者使用自我参照或语义（常见判断）编码策略评估一组中性词。在每个词之前和同时，在背景中呈现负性、中性或正性图片。在两个实验中，自我参照编码都对项目和内部源记忆产生了有益的影响。值得注意的是，即使二次分析表明一致地暴露于负性（相对于正性）信息会导致源记忆表现变差，情绪也没有调节项目和内部源记忆识别。这些发现表明，中性项目的内部源记忆并不总是受到变化或重复的情绪编码上下文的影响。
