Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
J Cell Sci. 2020 Feb 20;133(4):jcs232488. doi: 10.1242/jcs.232488.
Intracellular parasites from the genera , , , and from the phylum Microsporidia are, respectively, the causative agents of toxoplasmosis, malaria, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and microsporidiosis, illnesses that kill millions of people around the globe. Crossing the host cell plasma membrane (PM) is an obstacle these parasites must overcome to establish themselves intracellularly and so cause diseases. The mechanisms of cell invasion are quite diverse and include (1) formation of moving junctions that drive parasites into host cells, as for the protozoans and spp., (2) subversion of endocytic pathways used by the host cell to repair PM, as for and , (3) induction of phagocytosis as for or (4) endocytosis of parasites induced by specialized structures, such as the polar tubes present in microsporidian species. Understanding the early steps of cell entry is essential for the development of vaccines and drugs for the prevention or treatment of these diseases, and thus enormous research efforts have been made to unveil their underlying biological mechanisms. This Review will focus on these mechanisms and the factors involved, with an emphasis on the recent insights into the cell biology of invasion by these pathogens.
内共生体属、、、和微孢子虫属的寄生虫分别是引起弓形虫病、疟疾、恰加斯病、利什曼病和微孢子虫病的病原体，这些疾病每年在全球范围内导致数百万人死亡。穿过宿主细胞质膜（PM）是这些寄生虫必须克服的障碍，以便在细胞内定居并引发疾病。细胞入侵的机制多种多样，包括：（1）形成移动连接点，将原生动物和属等寄生虫驱动进入宿主细胞；（2）利用宿主细胞修复 PM 的内吞途径被颠覆，如 和 ；（3）诱导吞噬作用，如 ；（4）由特殊结构诱导的内吞作用，如微孢子虫属中存在的极性管。了解细胞进入的早期步骤对于开发疫苗和药物来预防或治疗这些疾病至关重要，因此，人们付出了巨大的努力来揭示其潜在的生物学机制。本综述将重点介绍这些机制和涉及的因素，特别强调这些病原体入侵的细胞生物学的最新见解。
