Yang Yi, Dong Maoli, Hao Xiaoli, Qin Aijian, Shang Shaobin
Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
Cell Mol Life Sci. 2020 Aug;77(16):3103-3116. doi: 10.1007/s00018-020-03477-z. Epub 2020 Feb 20.
Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a highly oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that causes deadly T-cell lymphomas and serves as a natural virus-induced tumor model in chickens. Although Marek's disease (MD) is well controlled by current vaccines, the evolution of MDV field viruses towards increasing virulence is concerning as a better vaccine to combat very virulent plus MDV is still lacking. Our understanding of molecular and cellular immunity to MDV and its immunopathogenesis has significantly improved, but those findings about cellular immunity to MDV are largely out-of-date, hampering the development of more effective vaccines against MD. T-cell-mediated cellular immunity was thought to be of paramount importance against MDV. However, MDV also infects macrophages, B cells and T cells, leading to immunosuppression and T-cell lymphoma. Additionally, there is limited information about how uninfected immune cells respond to MDV infection or vaccination, specifically, the mechanisms by which T cells are activated and recognize MDV antigens and how the function and properties of activated T cells correlate with immune protection against MDV or MD tumor. The current review revisits the roles of each immune cell subset and its effector mechanisms in the host immune response to MDV infection or vaccination from the point of view of comparative immunology. We particularly emphasize areas of research requiring further investigation and provide useful information for rational design and development of novel MDV vaccines.
马立克氏病病毒（MDV）是一种高度致癌的α疱疹病毒，可引发致命的T细胞淋巴瘤，是鸡体内自然发生的病毒诱导肿瘤模型。尽管目前的疫苗能很好地控制马立克氏病（MD），但随着MDV野毒株毒力不断增强，由于仍缺乏能有效对抗超强毒MDV的更好疫苗，这一情况令人担忧。我们对MDV的分子和细胞免疫及其免疫发病机制的理解有了显著提高，但那些关于MDV细胞免疫的发现大多过时了，这阻碍了更有效的MD疫苗的研发。T细胞介导的细胞免疫曾被认为对抵抗MDV至关重要。然而，MDV也感染巨噬细胞、B细胞和T细胞，导致免疫抑制和T细胞淋巴瘤。此外，关于未感染的免疫细胞如何对MDV感染或疫苗接种作出反应的信息有限，具体而言，T细胞被激活并识别MDV抗原的机制，以及活化T细胞的功能和特性与抵抗MDV或MD肿瘤的免疫保护之间的关联机制尚不清楚。本综述从比较免疫学的角度重新审视了各免疫细胞亚群在宿主对MDV感染或疫苗接种的免疫反应中的作用及其效应机制。我们特别强调了需要进一步研究的领域，并为新型MDV疫苗的合理设计和开发提供了有用信息。
