Thongboonkerd Visith
Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Front Pharmacol. 2020 Jan 31;10:1655. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01655. eCollection 2019.
Exosome is a nanoscale vesicle with a size range of 30-100 nm. It is secreted from cell to extracellular space by exocytosis after fusion of multivesicular body (MVB) (formed by endocytic vesicles) with plasma membrane. Exosome plays several important roles in cellular homeostasis and intercellular communications. During the last two decades, exosome has acquired a wide attention to explore its additional roles in various aspects of cell biology and function in several organ systems. For the kidney, several lines of evidence have demonstrated 1that exosome is involved in the renal physiology and pathogenic mechanisms of various kidney diseases/disorders. This article summarizes roles of the exosome as the potential source of biomarkers, pathogenic molecules, and therapeutic biologics that have been extensively investigated in many kidney diseases/disorders, including lupus nephritis (LN), other glomerular diseases, acute kidney injury (AKI), diabetic nephropathy (DN), as well as in the process of renal fibrosis and chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, in addition to polycystic kidney disease (PKD), kidney transplantation, and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Moreover, the most recent evidence has shown its emerging role in kidney stone disease (or nephrolithiasis), involving inflammasome activation and inflammatory cascade frequently found in kidney stone pathogenesis.
外泌体是一种纳米级囊泡，大小范围为30 - 100纳米。它是由多泡体（由内吞小泡形成）与质膜融合后通过胞吐作用从细胞分泌到细胞外空间的。外泌体在细胞内稳态和细胞间通讯中发挥着多种重要作用。在过去的二十年里，外泌体在细胞生物学的各个方面及其在多个器官系统中的功能探索方面受到了广泛关注。对于肾脏而言，多项证据表明外泌体参与了各种肾脏疾病/病症的肾脏生理学和致病机制。本文总结了外泌体作为生物标志物、致病分子和治疗性生物制剂潜在来源的作用，这些作用在许多肾脏疾病/病症中得到了广泛研究，包括狼疮性肾炎（LN）、其他肾小球疾病、急性肾损伤（AKI）、糖尿病肾病（DN），以及肾纤维化和慢性肾脏病（CKD）进展过程，此外还涉及多囊肾病（PKD）、肾移植和肾细胞癌（RCC）。此外，最新证据表明其在肾结石病（或肾石症）中发挥着新出现的作用，涉及肾结石发病机制中常见的炎性小体激活和炎症级联反应。
