Miroshnikov Mikhail, Mahankali Kiran, Thangavel Naresh Kumar, Satapathy Sitakanta, Arava Leela Mohana Reddy, Ajayan Pulickel M, John George
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Discovery and Innovation, The City College of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
The PhD Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
ChemSusChem. 2020 May 8;13(9):2186-2204. doi: 10.1002/cssc.201903589. Epub 2020 Apr 14.
Nature-derived organic small molecules, as energy-storage materials, provide low-cost, recyclable, and non-toxic alternatives to inorganic and polymer electrodes for lithium-/sodium-ion batteries and beyond. Some organic carbonyl compounds have met or exceeded the voltages and gravimetric storage capacities achieved by traditional transition metal oxide-based compounds due to the metal-ion coupled redox and facile electron-transport capability of functional groups. Stability issues that previously limited the capacity of small organic molecules can be remediated with reactions to form insoluble salts, noncovalent interactions (hydrogen bonding and π stacking), loading onto substrates, and careful electrolyte selection. The cost-effectiveness and sustainability of organic materials may further be improved by employing porphyrin-based electrodes and multivalent-ion batteries utilizing abundant metals, such as aluminum and zinc. Finally, redox flow batteries take advantage of the solubility of organics for the development of scalable, high power density, and safe energy-storage devices based on aqueous electrolytes. Herein, the advantages and prospects of small molecule-based electrodes, with a focus on nature-derived organic and biomimetic materials, to realize the next-generation of green battery chemistry are reviewed.
天然衍生的有机小分子作为储能材料，为锂离子/钠离子电池及其他电池的无机和聚合物电极提供了低成本、可回收且无毒的替代品。一些有机羰基化合物由于其金属离子耦合氧化还原作用以及官能团便捷的电子传输能力，已达到或超过了传统过渡金属氧化物基化合物所实现的电压和重量存储容量。先前限制小有机分子容量的稳定性问题，可以通过形成不溶性盐的反应、非共价相互作用（氢键和π堆积）、负载到基底上以及精心选择电解质来解决。通过采用基于卟啉的电极和利用铝、锌等丰富金属的多价离子电池，有机材料的成本效益和可持续性可能会进一步提高。最后，氧化还原液流电池利用有机物的溶解性，开发基于水性电解质的可扩展、高功率密度和安全的储能装置。在此，本文综述了基于小分子的电极的优势和前景，重点是天然衍生的有机和仿生材料，以实现下一代绿色电池化学。
