Psychophysiology and Optical Imaging, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen.
LEAD Research Network, University of Tübingen.
Top Cogn Sci. 2021 Jan;13(1):142-163. doi: 10.1111/tops.12495. Epub 2020 Mar 5.
A flexible and dynamically adjustable behavior is crucial to adapt to a continuously changing environment. In order to optimally adapt, we need to learn from the consequences of our behavior. We usually learn through different kinds of prediction errors, which occur when we experience unexpected situations due to false predictions. With this literature review, we intended to contribute to current etiological models that ascribe various positive symptoms (particularly delusions and hallucinations) in patients with schizophrenia to false prediction errors and deficient predictive learning. We discuss alterations in the electrophysiological measure of the error-related negativity/error negativity (ERN/Ne) as a global deficit and a trait in schizophrenia, as they have been observed in different samples of patients with schizophrenia, in individuals at high-risk and individuals with subclinical schizotypal traits. As the ERN/Ne can itself be considered the result of predictive processes (evaluation of current action outcomes as worse than expected), we propose that the reported alterations indicate that patients suffering from schizophrenic illnesses fail to adequately classify the outcomes of their actions as better or worse than expected due to a deficit in self-monitoring. Furthermore, we discuss results in further action-monitoring components, such as the correct response negativity (CRN)-a smaller negativity elicited by correct responses; and error positivity (Pe)-a later positivity assumed to reflect conscious error processing. The reported results show normal Pe amplitudes and normal post-error adjustments (adaptations after committed error to improve performance), indicating an intact later and conscious processing. From the results of diminished differences between ERN/Ne and CRN amplitudes, we conclude a general predictive deficit in early aspects of self-monitoring associated with positive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia.
灵活和动态可调节的行为对于适应不断变化的环境至关重要。为了进行最佳适应，我们需要根据行为的后果进行学习。我们通常通过不同类型的预测误差来学习，这些误差是由于错误预测而导致我们遇到意外情况时产生的。通过这篇文献综述，我们旨在为当前的病因模型做出贡献，这些模型将精神分裂症患者的各种阳性症状（特别是妄想和幻觉）归因于错误预测误差和预测学习不足。我们讨论了错误相关负性/负性错误（ERN/Ne）的电生理测量作为精神分裂症的全局缺陷和特征的改变，因为它们在不同的精神分裂症患者样本、高风险个体和亚临床精神分裂样特征个体中都有观察到。由于 ERN/Ne 本身可以被认为是预测过程的结果（将当前行为结果评估为比预期差），我们提出，所报告的改变表明，患有精神分裂症的患者由于自我监控缺陷，无法将他们的行为结果充分分类为比预期好或差。此外，我们还讨论了进一步的行为监测成分的结果，如正确反应负性（CRN）——由正确反应引起的较小负性；以及错误正性（Pe）——一种假设反映有意识错误处理的后期正性。所报告的结果显示，Pe 振幅正常且错误后调整（在犯错误后进行调整以提高表现）正常，这表明后期和有意识的处理是完整的。从 ERN/Ne 和 CRN 振幅之间差异减小的结果来看，我们得出结论，精神分裂症患者的阳性症状与自我监控的早期方面存在普遍的预测缺陷。
