Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Missouri, DC051.00 One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 450 Research Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2020 Aug 1;513:110722. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110722. Epub 2020 Mar 5.
Unconventional oil and natural gas extraction (UOG) combines directional drilling and hydraulic fracturing and produces billions of liters of wastewater per year. Herein, we review experimental studies that evaluated the potential endocrine-mediated health impacts of exposure to a mixture of 23 UOG chemicals commonly found in wastewater. The purpose of this manuscript is to synthesize and summarize a body of work using the same UOG-mix but with different model systems and physiological endpoints in multiple experiments. The studies reviewed were conducted in laboratory animals (mice or tadpoles) and human tissue culture cells. A key feature of the in vivo studies was the use of four environmentally relevant doses spanning three orders of magnitude ranging from concentrations found in surface and ground water in UOG dense areas to concentrations found in UOG wastewater. This UOG-mix exhibited potent antagonist activity for the estrogen, androgen, glucocorticoid, progesterone, and thyroid receptors in human tissue culture cells. Subsequently, pregnant mice were administered the UOG-mix in drinking water and offspring were examined in adulthood or to tadpoles. Developmental exposure profoundly impacted pituitary hormone concentrations, reduced sperm counts, altered folliculogenesis, and increased mammary gland ductal density and preneoplastic lesions in mice. It also altered energy expenditure, exploratory and risk-taking behavior, the immune system in three immune models in mice, and affected basal and antiviral immunity in frogs. These findings highlight the diverse systems affected by developmental EDC exposure and the need to examine human and animal health in UOG regions.
非常规石油和天然气开采（UOG）结合定向钻井和水力压裂，每年产生数十亿升的废水。在此，我们回顾了评估暴露于废水中常见的 23 种 UOG 化学混合物的内分泌介导的健康影响的实验研究。本文的目的是综合和总结使用相同的 UOG 混合物但在多个实验中使用不同的模型系统和生理终点的工作。综述的研究在实验动物（小鼠或蝌蚪）和人类组织培养细胞中进行。体内研究的一个关键特征是使用四个环境相关剂量，跨越三个数量级，范围从 UOG 密集地区地表水和地下水的浓度到 UOG 废水中的浓度。这种 UOG 混合物在人类组织培养细胞中对雌激素、雄激素、糖皮质激素、孕激素和甲状腺受体表现出强烈的拮抗剂活性。随后，将 UOG 混合物给怀孕的老鼠饮用水，成年后或给蝌蚪进行检查。发育暴露对垂体激素浓度产生了深远的影响，降低了精子计数，改变了卵泡发生，并增加了小鼠的乳腺导管密度和癌前病变。它还改变了能量消耗、探索和冒险行为、三种免疫模型中的免疫系统，并影响了青蛙的基础和抗病毒免疫。这些发现强调了发育性 EDC 暴露对不同系统的影响，以及需要在 UOG 地区检查人类和动物的健康。
