Data curation and modeling of compositional heterogeneity in insect phylogenomics: A case study of the phylogeny of Dytiscoidea (Coleoptera: Adephaga).

Diving beetles and their allies are an almost ubiquitous group of freshwater predators. Knowledge of the phylogeny of the adephagan superfamily Dytiscoidea has significantly improved since the advent of molecular phylogenetics. However, despite recent comprehensive phylogenomic studies, some phylogenetic relationships among the constituent families remain elusive. In particular, the position of the family Hygrobiidae remains uncertain. We address these issues by re-analyzing recently published phylogenomic datasets for Dytiscoidea, using approaches to reduce compositional heterogeneity and adopting a site-heterogeneous mixture model. We obtained a consistent, well-resolved, and strongly supported tree. Consistent with previous studies, our analyses support Aspidytidae as the monophyletic sister group of Amphizoidae, and more importantly, Hygrobiidae as the sister of the diverse Dytiscidae, in agreement with morphology-based phylogenies. Our analyses provide a backbone phylogeny of Dytiscoidea, which lays the foundation for better understanding the evolution of morphological characters, life habits, and feeding behaviors of dytiscoid beetles.