Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology.
Social Cognition Center.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2020 Aug;119(2):e1-e14. doi: 10.1037/pspa0000189. Epub 2020 Mar 9.
Prior evidence suggests that White participants who repeatedly approach images of Black people and avoid images of White people can exhibit a reduction in implicit racial bias (Kawakami, Phills, Steele, & Dovidio, 2007). In contrast, a recent study by Van Dessel, De Houwer, Gast, and Smith (2015) showed that mere instructions to perform approach-avoidance training in an upcoming phase produces a similar change in implicit evaluations of unfamiliar but not familiar social groups. We report 4 experiments that examined the replicability and generalizability of these findings for well-known social groups. Experiment 1 was a replication of the study by Kawakami et al. (2007) in a different domain (i.e., Flemish students' bias toward Turkish people) showing relatively weak evidence for small approach-avoidance training effects on implicit evaluations and explicit liking ratings. Experiment 2 replicated the finding of Van Dessel et al. (2015) that approach-avoidance instructions do not influence implicit evaluations of social out-groups and found no instruction effects even when participants first completed training with nonsocial stimuli. Experiment 3 established the presence of a small approach-avoidance training effect on implicit (but not explicit evaluations) in a large online sample. Experiment 4 directly compared approach-avoidance training and instruction effects, corroborating (a) the effect of training on implicit evaluations which was both small and subject to boundary conditions and (b) the absence of such an effect of instructions. There were again no effects on explicit evaluations. Whereas the current findings provide supportive evidence for training-based approach-avoidance effects (on Implicit Association Test [IAT] scores: meta-analytic effect size current experiments: = 0.18, Bayes Factor = 65.22; current and prior experiments: = 0.23, Bayes Factor = 4404.42) and evidence for the absence of instruction-based effects (Bayes Factors < 0.19), they also illustrate that there is still much uncertainty regarding the boundary conditions of these effects and the underlying mental processes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
先前的证据表明，反复接近黑人图像、回避白人图像的白人参与者可以表现出内隐种族偏见的减少（Kawakami、Phills、Steele 和 Dovidio，2007）。相比之下，Van Dessel、De Houwer、Gast 和 Smith（2015）最近的一项研究表明，仅仅在即将到来的阶段指示进行接近-回避训练，就会对不熟悉但不熟悉的社会群体的内隐评价产生类似的变化。我们报告了 4 项实验，这些实验检验了这些发现对知名社会群体的可复制性和泛化性。实验 1 是 Kawakami 等人（2007 年）在不同领域（即弗拉芒学生对土耳其人的偏见）的研究的复制，该研究对内隐评价和外显喜欢评分的小的接近-回避训练效应提供了相对较弱的证据。实验 2 复制了 Van Dessel 等人（2015 年）的发现，即接近-回避指令不会影响对外群体的内隐评价，并且即使参与者首先用非社会刺激完成训练，也没有发现指令效应。实验 3 在一个大型在线样本中确立了接近-回避训练对内隐（但不是外显评价）的小效应。实验 4 直接比较了接近-回避训练和指令效应，证实了（a）训练对内隐评价的影响较小，并且受到边界条件的限制，以及（b）指令没有这种影响。对外显评价也没有影响。虽然目前的发现为基于训练的接近-回避效应提供了支持性证据（对内隐联想测验[IAT]分数：元分析效应大小当前实验：=0.18，贝叶斯因子=65.22；当前和先前实验：=0.23，贝叶斯因子=4404.42），并证明了不存在基于指令的效应（贝叶斯因子<0.19），但它们也表明，这些效应的边界条件和潜在的心理过程仍存在很大的不确定性。（PsycInfo 数据库记录（c）2020 APA，保留所有权利）。
