Van Dessel Pieter, Mertens Gaëtan, Smith Colin Tucker, De Houwer Jan
1 Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
2 Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
Exp Psychol. 2017 Sep;64(5):299-314. doi: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000376.
The mere exposure effect refers to the well-established finding that people evaluate a stimulus more positively after repeated exposure to that stimulus. We investigated whether a change in stimulus evaluation can occur also when participants are not repeatedly exposed to a stimulus, but are merely instructed that one stimulus will occur frequently and another stimulus will occur infrequently. We report seven experiments showing that (1) mere exposure instructions influence implicit stimulus evaluations as measured with an Implicit Association Test (IAT), personalized Implicit Association Test (pIAT), or Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP), but not with an Evaluative Priming Task (EPT), (2) mere exposure instructions influence explicit evaluations, and (3) the instruction effect depends on participants' memory of which stimulus will be presented more frequently. We discuss how these findings inform us about the boundary conditions of mere exposure instruction effects, as well as the mental processes that underlie mere exposure and mere exposure instruction effects.
单纯曝光效应指的是一个已被充分证实的发现，即人们在反复接触某一刺激后会对其做出更积极的评价。我们研究了这样一个问题：当参与者并非反复接触某一刺激，而仅仅是被告知一种刺激会频繁出现，另一种刺激会很少出现时，刺激评价是否也会发生变化。我们报告了七个实验，结果表明：（1）单纯曝光指令会影响通过内隐联想测验（IAT）、个性化内隐联想测验（pIAT）或情感错误归因程序（AMP）所测量的内隐刺激评价，但不会影响通过评价性启动任务（EPT）所测量的内隐刺激评价；（2）单纯曝光指令会影响外显评价；（3）指令效应取决于参与者对哪种刺激会更频繁出现的记忆。我们讨论了这些发现如何让我们了解单纯曝光指令效应的边界条件，以及构成单纯曝光和单纯曝光指令效应基础的心理过程。
