Van Dessel Pieter, De Houwer Jan, Gast Anne, Tucker Smith Colin
1 Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
Exp Psychol. 2015;62(3):161-9. doi: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000282. Epub 2014 Jan 1.
Prior research suggests that repeatedly approaching or avoiding a certain stimulus changes the liking of this stimulus. We investigated whether these effects of approach and avoidance training occur also when participants do not perform these actions but are merely instructed about the stimulus-action contingencies. Stimulus evaluations were registered using both implicit (Implicit Association Test and evaluative priming) and explicit measures (valence ratings). Instruction-based approach-avoidance effects were observed for relatively neutral fictitious social groups (i.e., Niffites and Luupites), but not for clearly valenced well-known social groups (i.e., Blacks and Whites). We conclude that instructions to approach or avoid stimuli can provide sufficient bases for establishing both implicit and explicit evaluations of novel stimuli and discuss several possible reasons for why similar instruction-based approach-avoidance effects were not found for valenced well-known stimuli.
先前的研究表明，反复接近或回避某一刺激会改变对该刺激的喜好程度。我们调查了，当参与者不执行这些行为，而只是被告知刺激与行为的偶发关系时，接近和回避训练的这些效果是否也会出现。使用内隐测量（内隐联想测验和评价性启动）和外显测量（效价评定）来记录刺激评价。对于相对中性的虚构社会群体（即尼菲特人和卢皮特人），观察到了基于指令的接近-回避效应，但对于具有明确效价的知名社会群体（即黑人和白人）则未观察到。我们得出结论，接近或回避刺激的指令可以为建立对新刺激的内隐和外显评价提供充分的依据，并讨论了为何在具有效价的知名刺激上未发现类似的基于指令的接近-回避效应的几个可能原因。
