Thapar Anita, Rice Frances
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Section, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom.
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2021 Mar 1;11(3):a038877. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038877.
Identifying environmental risk and protective exposures that have causal effects on health is an important scientific goal. Many environmental exposures are nonrandomly allocated and influenced by dispositional factors including inherited ones. We review family-based designs that can separate the influence of environmental exposures from inherited influences shared between parent and offspring. We focus on prenatal exposures. We highlight that the family-based designs that can separate the prenatal environment from inherited confounds are different to those that are able to pull apart later-life environmental exposures from inherited confounds. We provide a brief review of the literature on maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct problems; these inconsistencies in the literature make a review useful and this illustrates that results of family-based genetically informed studies are inconsistent with a causal interpretation for this exposure and these two offspring outcomes.
识别对健康有因果影响的环境风险和保护性暴露是一个重要的科学目标。许多环境暴露并非随机分配，而是受包括遗传因素在内的性格因素影响。我们回顾了基于家庭的设计，这些设计可以将环境暴露的影响与父母和后代之间共享的遗传影响区分开来。我们关注产前暴露。我们强调，能够将产前环境与遗传混杂因素区分开的基于家庭的设计，与能够将后期生活环境暴露与遗传混杂因素区分开的设计不同。我们简要回顾了关于孕期母亲吸烟与后代注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）及行为问题的文献；文献中的这些不一致之处使得进行综述很有必要，这也表明基于家庭的基因知情研究结果与这种暴露及这两种后代结局的因果解释不一致。
