Perspectives and challenges of micro/nanoplastics-induced toxicity with special reference to phytotoxicity.

Plastic pollution has become a global concern for ecosystem health and biodiversity conservation. Concentrations of plastics are manifold higher in the terrestrial system than the aquatic one. Micro/nanoplastics (M/NP) have the ability to alter soil enzymatic system, soil properties and also affect soil borne microorganisms and earthworms. Despite, the knowhow regarding modulatory effects of plastics are acquired from the study on aquatic system and reports on their phytotoxic potentials are limited. The presence of cell wall that could restrict M/NP invasion into plant roots might be the putative cause of this limitation. M/NP inhibit plant growth, seed germination and gene expression; and they also induce cytogenotoxicity by aggravating reactive oxygen species generation. Dynamic behavior of cell wall; the pores formed either by cell wall degrading enzymes or by plant-pathogen interactions or by mechanical injury might facilitate the entry of into roots M/NP. This review also provides a possible mechanism of large sized microplastics-induced phytotoxicity especially for those that cannot pass through cell wall pores. As M/NP affect soil microbial community and soil parameters, it is hypothesized that they could have the potential to affect N fixation and research should be conducted in this direction. Reports on M/NP-induced toxicity mainly focused only on one polymer type (polystyrene) in spite of the toxicological relevancies of other polymer types like polyethylene, polypropylene etc. So, the assessment of phytotoxic potential of M/NP should be done using other plastic polymers in real environment as they are known to intract with other environmental stressors as well as can alter the the soil-microbe-plant interaction.