Fully-Automated Segmentation of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma on Dual-Sequence MRI Using Convolutional Neural Networks.

In this study, we proposed an automated method based on convolutional neural network (CNN) for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) segmentation on dual-sequence magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). T1-weighted (T1W) and T2-weighted (T2W) MRI images were collected from 44 NPC patients. We developed a dense connectivity embedding U-net (DEU) and trained the network based on the two-dimensional dual-sequence MRI images in the training dataset and applied post-processing to remove the false positive results. In order to justify the effectiveness of dual-sequence MRI images, we performed an experiment with different inputs in eight randomly selected patients. We evaluated DEU's performance by using a 10-fold cross-validation strategy and compared the results with the previous studies. The Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of the method using only T1W, only T2W and dual-sequence of 10-fold cross-validation as different inputs were 0.620 ± 0.0642, 0.642 ± 0.118 and 0.721 ± 0.036, respectively. The median DSC in 10-fold cross-validation experiment with DEU was 0.735. The average DSC of seven external subjects was 0.87. To summarize, we successfully proposed and verified a fully automatic NPC segmentation method based on DEU and dual-sequence MRI images with accurate and stable performance. If further verified, our proposed method would be of use in clinical practice of NPC.