Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
Environ Int. 2020 May;138:105551. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105551. Epub 2020 Mar 8.
This study focused on the distribution, combined pollution, potential source and risk assessment of 17 antibiotics in an aquaculture ecosystem surrounding the Yellow sea, North China. Antibiotics were detected in various matrices (seawater, sediment/biofilm, organism and feed) in different aquaculture modes (greenhouse and outdoor aquaculture) during the wet and dry seasons in coastal areas of Shandong province. The innovation points of the study were as follows: (1) To the best of our knowledge, this study was one of the few to investigate the occurrence and distribution of antibiotics in mariculture environments along the Yellow Sea coast; (2) Biofilms, a focus of the study, might act as a sink for antibiotics in the aquaculture ecosystem; and (3) The correlation of heavy metals and antibiotic concentrations was proved, which could correspondingly be used as an indicator for antibiotic concentrations in the studied area. The levels of antibiotics in water were observed to be relatively low, at the ng/L level. Trimethoprim was the most prevalent antibiotic, and was detected in all water samples. Oxytetracycline was detected at high concentrations in biofilms (up to 1478.29 ng/g). Moreover, biofilms exhibited a higher antibiotic accumulation capacity compared to sediments. Concentrations of oxytetracycline and doxycycline were high in feed, while other antibiotics were almost undetected. Tetracycline was widely detected and the concentration of enrofloxacin was highest in organisms. Correlation analysis demonstrated that environmental parameters and other coexisting contaminants (e.g. heavy metals) significantly affected antibiotic concentrations. In addition, the concentration of Zn was significantly correlated with the total antibiotic concentration and was proportional to several antibiotics in water and sediment (biofilm) samples (p < 0.01). High Mn concentrations were closely related to total and individual (e.g. sulfadiazine, sulfamethazine and enrofloxacin) antibiotic levels, which may result in the combined contamination of the environment. Antibiotics in estuaries and groundwater generally originated from aquaculture wastewater and untreated/treated domestic sewage. Most of the detected antibiotics posed no risk to the environment. Ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin found in water may present high ecological and resistance risks, while the two antibiotics observed to accumulate in fish may pose a considerable risk to human health through diet consumption. All antibiotics detected in seafood were lower than the respective maximum residue limits. This study can act as a reference for the government for the determination of antibiotic discharge standards in aquaculture wastewater and the establishment of a standardized antibiotic monitoring and management system.
本研究聚焦于黄海周边华北地区水产养殖生态系统中 17 种抗生素的分布、复合污染、潜在来源和风险评估。在山东省沿海地区的湿季和干季，采用不同的养殖模式（温室养殖和露天养殖），在各种基质（海水、沉积物/生物膜、生物和饲料）中检测到了抗生素。本研究的创新点如下：（1）据我们所知，这是为数不多的研究黄海沿海养殖环境中抗生素发生和分布的研究之一；（2）生物膜是研究的重点，它可能是养殖生态系统中抗生素的汇；（3）证明了重金属和抗生素浓度之间的相关性，这可以相应地作为研究区域中抗生素浓度的指示物。水中抗生素的水平相对较低，处于 ng/L 水平。甲氧苄啶是最常见的抗生素，在所有水样中均有检出。在生物膜中检测到高浓度的土霉素（高达 1478.29 ng/g）。此外，生物膜比沉积物具有更高的抗生素积累能力。在饲料中检测到较高浓度的土霉素和强力霉素，而其他抗生素几乎未检出。四环素广泛存在，恩诺沙星在生物体内的浓度最高。相关性分析表明，环境参数和其他共存污染物（如重金属）显著影响抗生素浓度。此外，Zn 浓度与总抗生素浓度显著相关，且与水中和沉积物（生物膜）样品中的几种抗生素呈正相关（p<0.01）。高浓度的 Mn 与总抗生素浓度和磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲恶唑和恩诺沙星等个别抗生素水平密切相关，这可能导致环境的复合污染。河口和地下水中的抗生素通常来自水产养殖废水和未经处理/处理的生活污水。检测到的大多数抗生素对环境没有风险。水中的环丙沙星和恩诺沙星可能具有较高的生态和耐药风险，而在鱼类中发现的两种抗生素可能会通过饮食摄入对人类健康构成相当大的风险。海产食品中检测到的所有抗生素均低于各自的最大残留限量。本研究可为政府确定水产养殖废水中抗生素的排放标准和建立标准化的抗生素监测和管理体系提供参考。
