Pereira André C, Reis Ana C, Ramos Beatriz, Cunha Mónica V
Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I. P. (INIAV, IP), Wildlife, Hunting & Biodiversity R&D Unit. Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras, Portugal.
Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
Transbound Emerg Dis. 2020 Sep;67(5):1828-1846. doi: 10.1111/tbed.13539. Epub 2020 Mar 21.
Animal tuberculosis (TB) in terrestrial mammals is mainly caused by Mycobacterium bovis. This pathogen is adapted to a wide range of host species, representing a threat to livestock, wildlife and human health. Disease heterogeneity is a hallmark of multi-host TB and a challenge for control. Drivers of animal TB heterogeneity are very diverse and may act at the level of the causative agent, the host species, the interface between mycobacteria and the host, community of hosts, the environment and even policy behind control programmes. In this paper, we examine the drivers that seem to contribute to this phenomenon. We begin by reviewing evidence accumulated to date supporting the consensus that a complex range of genetic, biological and socio-environmental factors contribute to the establishment and maintenance of animal TB, setting the grounds for heterogeneity. We then highlight the complex interplay between individual, species-specific and community protective factors with risk/maintenance variables that include animal movements and densities, co-infection and super-shedders. We finally consider how current interventions should seek to consider and explore heterogeneity in order to tackle potential limitations for diagnosis and control programmes, simultaneously increasing their efficacy.
陆生哺乳动物的动物结核病主要由牛分枝杆菌引起。这种病原体能适应多种宿主物种，对家畜、野生动物和人类健康构成威胁。疾病异质性是多宿主结核病的一个标志，也是控制工作面临的一项挑战。动物结核病异质性的驱动因素非常多样，可能在病原体、宿主物种、分枝杆菌与宿主之间的界面、宿主群落、环境乃至控制计划背后的政策等层面发挥作用。在本文中，我们研究了似乎导致这一现象的驱动因素。我们首先回顾迄今积累的证据，这些证据支持以下共识：一系列复杂的遗传、生物学和社会环境因素促成了动物结核病的发生和维持，为异质性奠定了基础。然后，我们强调个体、物种特异性和群落保护因素与风险/维持变量之间的复杂相互作用，这些变量包括动物移动和密度、共同感染以及超级排菌者。我们最后思考当前的干预措施应如何设法考虑和探究异质性，以应对诊断和控制计划的潜在限制，同时提高其效力。
