Department of Experimental Psychology, Regensburg University, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.
Mem Cognit. 2020 Apr;48(3):481-493. doi: 10.3758/s13421-019-00984-8.
Using lists of unrelated items as study material, recent studies have shown that selective retrieval of some studied items can impair or improve recall of the nonretrieved items, depending on whether the lag between study and selective retrieval is short or long. This study examined whether the results generalize when the items are studied together with their category labels (e.g., BIRD-magpie) and the category labels are reexposed as retrieval cues at test (e.g., BIRD-m___), a procedure often used in research on the effects of selective retrieval. Two lag conditions were employed in this study: a short 1-min lag between study and selective retrieval, and a longer 15-min lag that included mental context change tasks to enhance the lag-induced contextual drift. Experiment 1 employed lists of unrelated items in the absence of any category labels and replicated both the detrimental effect (after short lag) and the beneficial effect (after long lag) of selective retrieval. Experiment 1 was identical to Experiment 1 but provided the items' category labels during both study and retrieval, and Experiment 1 was identical to Experiment 1 but employed a categorized list. In both experiments, selective retrieval impaired recall in both lag conditions, indicating a critical role of category labels for the effects of selective retrieval. The results of the three experiments are consistent with a two-factor explanation of selective retrieval and the proposal that reexposure of category labels during retrieval can reinstate study context after longer lag.
使用不相关项目列表作为学习材料，最近的研究表明，选择性检索一些已学习的项目可以损害或提高未检索项目的回忆，这取决于学习和选择性检索之间的时间间隔是短还是长。本研究考察了当项目与其类别标签（例如，BIRD-喜鹊）一起学习并且类别标签在测试时重新用作检索线索（例如，BIRD-m___）时，结果是否会推广，这是选择性检索效应研究中常用的程序。本研究采用了两种滞后条件：在学习和选择性检索之间有一个 1 分钟的短滞后，以及一个更长的 15 分钟的滞后，包括心理上下文变化任务，以增强滞后引起的上下文漂移。实验 1 在没有任何类别标签的情况下使用不相关项目列表，复制了选择性检索的有害影响（短滞后后）和有益影响（长滞后后）。实验 1 与实验 1 相同，但在学习和检索过程中都提供了项目的类别标签，实验 1 与实验 1 相同，但采用了分类列表。在这两个实验中，选择性检索在两个滞后条件下都损害了回忆，这表明类别标签对选择性检索的影响起着关键作用。三个实验的结果与选择性检索的双因素解释以及在较长滞后期间重新暴露类别标签可以恢复学习上下文的提议一致。
