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用于液相电子显微镜的端到端图像分析流水线。

End-to-end image analysis pipeline for liquid-phase electron microscopy.

机构信息

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics Division, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK.

Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK.

出版信息

J Microsc. 2020 Sep;279(3):242-248. doi: 10.1111/jmi.12889. Epub 2020 Mar 23.

Abstract

Liquid phase transmission electron microscopy allows the imaging of materials in liquid environments. The sample is encapsulated within electron-beam transparent windows and hence protected by the ultrahigh vacuum necessary within the electron gun. Such an approach allows to study biological and soft materials in their natural environment and offers the possibility of accessing their dynamic nature. Yet, the electron beam scattering from the windows and solvent increases the image noise and blur. Herein, we propose a pipeline to both de-noise and sharpen images obtained by liquid transmission electron microscopy. We develop the workflow in a way that it does not require any human interference, nor introduce artefacts, but actually unveils features of the imaged samples covered by the noise and the blur. LAY DESCRIPTION: Transmission Electron Microscopy TEM is one of the most powerful techniques for structural determination at the nanoscale, with the ability to image matter down to the atomic level. TEM is only possible by keeping the electron beam under high vacuum in order to avoid undesired scattering events in the beam path. High vacuum means that the TEM samples must conventionally be in solid-state. Thus, samples in liquid form or containing liquids, like water, need special preparation techniques which tend to alter the structure and chemical nature of the sample. Such alterations are particularly critical for biological and soft organic materials where the structures are controlled by the presence of water and/or other liquids. The development of new cameras, materials and sample holders have made possible for TEM to be performed on liquid samples. Liquid Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy (LTEM) offers the possibility to investigate nanoscopic structures in liquid state and monitor dynamic processes. However important limitations come from the liquid nature of samples in the imaging process such as the low contrast afforded by organic and biological materials and additional noise and blur introduced by the liquid sample and its thickness. Existing image analysis algorithms for TEM result inadequate for LTEM. The end-to-end image analysis method herein has the ability to recover the original images together with their sharpness, without introducing any artefacts. The proposed algorithms offer the great advantage of unveiling image details which are not usually seen during imaging, thus allowing a better understanding of the nature, structure and ultimately the function of the investigated structures. The fully automatised analysis method allows to efficiently process dozens of images in few hours, improving dramatically the performance of LTEM imaging.

摘要

液相透射电子显微镜允许在液态环境下对材料进行成像。样品被封装在电子束透明窗口内,因此受到电子枪内超高真空的保护。这种方法可以在自然环境中研究生物和软物质,并提供研究其动态性质的可能性。然而,电子束从窗口和溶剂中的散射会增加图像的噪声和模糊度。在此,我们提出了一种用于去除和锐化液相传输电子显微镜获得的图像的噪声和模糊度的方法。我们以一种不需要任何人为干预、也不会引入伪影的方式开发了该工作流程,而是实际揭示了被噪声和模糊度覆盖的成像样品的特征。

描述

透射电子显微镜(TEM)是纳米尺度结构测定最强大的技术之一,能够对物质进行原子级成像。为了避免电子束路径中不希望发生的散射事件,TEM 必须在高真空中进行。高真空意味着 TEM 样品通常必须处于固态。因此,处于液态或包含液体(如水)的样品需要特殊的制备技术,这些技术往往会改变样品的结构和化学性质。对于生物和软有机材料,这些变化尤其关键,因为这些结构是由水和/或其他液体的存在来控制的。新型相机、材料和样品架的开发使得对液态样品进行 TEM 成为可能。液相传输电子显微镜(LTEM)提供了在液态下研究纳米结构和监测动态过程的可能性。然而,成像过程中样品的液态性质带来了一些重要的限制,例如有机和生物材料对比度低,以及液体样品及其厚度引入的额外噪声和模糊度。现有的 TEM 图像分析算法在此并不适用。本文提出的端到端图像分析方法能够恢复原始图像及其锐度,而不会引入任何伪影。所提出的算法具有揭示通常在成像过程中看不到的图像细节的巨大优势,从而可以更好地理解所研究结构的性质、结构和最终功能。完全自动化的分析方法可以在几个小时内高效地处理数十张图像,极大地提高了 LTEM 成像的性能。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/0c4c/8647920/00640c6d4d71/JMI-279-242-g006.jpg

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