School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.
School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
Public Health Nutr. 2020 Aug;23(11):1948-1964. doi: 10.1017/S1368980019004014. Epub 2020 Mar 11.
To synthesise evidence of urban dietary behaviours (macronutrients, types of foods, dietary diversity and dietary practices) in two African countries in relation to postulated changes in the context of nutrition transition.
Systematic review and meta-analyses, including six online databases and grey literature, 1971-2018 (Protocol CRD42017067718).
Urban Ghana and Kenya.
Population-based studies of healthy adolescents and adults.
The forty-seven included studies encompassed 20 726 individuals plus 6526 households. Macronutrients were within WHO-recommended ranges: mean energy intake was 1867 kcal/d (95 % CI 1764, 1969) and the proportions of macronutrients were carbohydrate 61·2 % (58·4, 64·0), fat 25·3 % (22·8, 28·0) and protein 13·7 % (12·3, 15·1). The proportion of population consuming fruit and vegetables was 51·6 %; unhealthy foods, 29·4 %; and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), 39·9 %. Two-thirds (68·8 %) consumed animal-source proteins. Dietary diversity scores were within the mid-range. Meal patterns were structured (typically three meals per day), with evidence lacking on snacking or eating out.
Population-level diets fell within WHO macronutrient recommendations, were relatively diverse with structured meal patterns, but some indications of nutrition transition were apparent. The proportion of population consuming fruit and vegetables was low compared to healthy-eating recommendations, and consumption of SSBs was widespread. A paucity of evidence from 1971 to 2010 precluded a longitudinal analysis of nutrition transition. Evidence from these two countries indicates which aspects of dietary behaviours may be contributing to increasing overweight/obesity, namely a low proportion of population consuming fruit and vegetables and widespread consumption of SSBs. These are potential targets for promoting healthier diets.
综合非洲两个国家与营养转型背景下假定变化有关的城市饮食行为（宏量营养素、食物类型、饮食多样性和饮食实践）的证据。
系统评价和荟萃分析，包括六个在线数据库和灰色文献，1971-2018 年（方案 CRD42017067718）。
加纳和肯尼亚的城市。
健康青少年和成年人的基于人群的研究。
纳入的 47 项研究共包括 20726 名个体加 6526 户家庭。宏量营养素在世界卫生组织推荐范围内：平均能量摄入量为 1867 千卡/天（95%置信区间 1764、1969），宏量营养素的比例为碳水化合物 61.2%（58.4、64.0），脂肪 25.3%（22.8、28.0），蛋白质 13.7%（12.3、15.1）。食用水果和蔬菜的人群比例为 51.6%；食用不健康食品的人群比例为 29.4%；摄入含糖饮料（SSB）的人群比例为 39.9%。三分之二（68.8%）的人食用动物源性蛋白质。饮食多样性评分处于中等范围。膳食模式是有规律的（通常每天三顿饭），但缺乏关于零食或外出就餐的证据。
人群饮食符合世界卫生组织宏量营养素建议，饮食相对多样化，具有结构化的膳食模式，但出现了一些营养转型的迹象。与健康饮食建议相比，食用水果和蔬菜的人群比例较低，SSB 的摄入量很普遍。1971 年至 2010 年缺乏纵向营养转型分析证据。来自这两个国家的证据表明，哪些饮食行为可能导致超重/肥胖的增加，即食用水果和蔬菜的人群比例较低，SSB 的广泛摄入。这些可能是促进更健康饮食的潜在目标。
