Jenderka K-V, Delorme S
Physik, Sensor- und Ultraschalltechnik, FB INW, Hochschule Merseburg, Eberhard-Leibnitz-Str. 2, 06217, Merseburg, Deutschland.
Abt. Radiologie (E010), DKFZ - Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
Radiologe. 2020 Apr;60(4):351-360. doi: 10.1007/s00117-020-00659-5.
Ultrasonography is free of ionizing radiation but during the examination it is accompanied by energy deposition in the tissue. Therefore, users should be familiar with the mechanisms of action and possible risks. Thermal and non-thermal (e.g. cavitation) effects are related to the intensity and sound pressure of ultrasound waves and are therefore also dependent on the ultrasound modality used, e.g., B‑mode, color Doppler and/or pulsed wave (pw) Doppler. With B‑mode ultrasound no dangerous thermal effects are to be expected. In embryos and foetuses as well as febrile patients caution should be exercised. The pw Doppler mode can cause temperature spikes and the risks increase with the duration of use. Ultrasound contrast media are pathogenic for cavitation and should be avoided during the 24 h prior to shock wave lithotripsy. In ultrasound modalities with high local energy deposition, the values for the thermal index (TI) and mechanical index (MI) displayed on the screen should be observed and as with ionizing radiation, the ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) principle should be adhered to.
超声检查无电离辐射，但在检查过程中会伴有能量在组织中的沉积。因此，使用者应熟悉其作用机制和可能的风险。热效应和非热效应（如空化效应）与超声波的强度和声压有关，因此也取决于所使用的超声模式，例如B模式、彩色多普勒和/或脉冲波（pw）多普勒。使用B模式超声时，预计不会产生危险的热效应。对于胚胎、胎儿以及发热患者，应谨慎使用。pw多普勒模式可能会导致温度峰值，且风险会随着使用时间的延长而增加。超声造影剂对空化有致病性，在冲击波碎石术前24小时内应避免使用。在局部能量沉积较高的超声模式中，应观察屏幕上显示的热指数（TI）和机械指数（MI）值，并且与电离辐射一样，应遵循“尽可能低”（ALARA）原则。
