Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil.
Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil.
Ecotoxicology. 2020 Apr;29(3):246-257. doi: 10.1007/s10646-020-02167-7. Epub 2020 Mar 13.
Africanized and wild bees are sensitive to synthetic insecticides, but may not be sensitive to botanical extracts. In this work, we evaluated the toxicity of botanical extracts with homemade preparations used in agroecological crops and their constituents on the bees Apis mellifera and Partamona helleri. Toxicity bioassays of adult bees were done by means of oral exposure and ingestion, using the insecticide imidacloprid as a positive control. Dietary consumption, respiration rate and bee flight were evaluated as sublethal parameters. Although some extracts were toxic to bees, survival was always higher compared to the results obtained with the imidacloprid, which was lethal to 100% of bees. In dietary consumption, P. helleri consumed less (5 mg/bee) in 3 h than A. mellifera (11 mg/bee), and P. helleri consumed less (7 mg/bee) in 24 h than A. mellifera (22 mg/bee). There was no difference in consumption of food containing plant extracts or food containing water only. We did not detect any adverse effects of the botanical extracts on bee respiration rates or flight. The major constituent of N. tabacum is nicotine (8.4-15.1%), in A. americana it is β-caryophyllene (11.3%), and in A. colubrina, lupeol (12.2%). Imidacloprid and nicotine were more toxic to bees (LC ≤ 1.3 and LC ≤ 44.3). Botanical extracts were selective to A. mellifera and the native bee P. helleri, and therefore, have the potential for ecofriendly pest control.
非洲化蜜蜂和野蜂对合成杀虫剂敏感，但可能对植物提取物不敏感。在这项工作中，我们评估了自制制剂和其成分对蜜蜂 Apis mellifera 和 Partamona helleri 的毒性。通过口服和摄入的方式对成年蜜蜂进行了毒性生物测定，使用杀虫剂吡虫啉作为阳性对照。评估了饮食消耗、呼吸率和蜜蜂飞行作为亚致死参数。尽管一些提取物对蜜蜂有毒，但与吡虫啉相比，蜜蜂的存活率总是更高，吡虫啉对 100%的蜜蜂是致命的。在饮食消耗方面，P. helleri 在 3 小时内（5 毫克/只）的消耗量比 A. mellifera 少（11 毫克/只），而在 24 小时内（7 毫克/只）的消耗量比 A. mellifera 少（22 毫克/只）。食用含植物提取物的食物与仅食用水的食物没有区别。我们没有发现植物提取物对蜜蜂呼吸率或飞行有任何不良影响。N. tabacum 的主要成分是尼古丁（8.4-15.1%），在 A. americana 中是 β-石竹烯（11.3%），在 A. colubrina 中是羽扇豆醇（12.2%）。吡虫啉和尼古丁对蜜蜂更有毒（LC ≤ 1.3 和 LC ≤ 44.3）。植物提取物对 A. mellifera 和本地蜜蜂 P. helleri 具有选择性，因此具有环保型害虫控制的潜力。
