Catania Roberto, Lima Maria Augusta Pereira, Potrich Michele, Sgolastra Fabio, Zappalà Lucia, Mazzeo Gaetana
Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Brazil.
Insects. 2023 Mar 2;14(3):247. doi: 10.3390/insects14030247.
The recent global decline in insect populations is of particular concern for pollinators. Wild and managed bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) are of primary environmental and economic importance because of their role in pollinating cultivated and wild plants, and synthetic pesticides are among the major factors contributing to their decline. Botanical biopesticides may be a viable alternative to synthetic pesticides in plant defence due to their high selectivity and short environmental persistence. In recent years, scientific progress has been made to improve the development and effectiveness of these products. However, knowledge regarding their adverse effects on the environment and non-target species is still scarce, especially when compared to that of synthetic products. Here, we summarize the studies concerning the toxicity of botanical biopesticides on the different groups of social and solitary bees. We highlight the lethal and sublethal effects of these products on bees, the lack of a uniform protocol to assess the risks of biopesticides on pollinators, and the scarcity of studies on specific groups of bees, such as the large and diverse group of solitary bees. Results show that botanical biopesticides cause lethal effects and a large number of sublethal effects on bees. However, the toxicity is limited when comparing the effects of these compounds with those of synthetic compounds.
近期全球昆虫数量的下降尤其引起了传粉者方面的关注。野生和人工养殖的蜜蜂（膜翅目，蜜蜂总科）因其在为栽培植物和野生植物授粉方面的作用而具有重要的环境和经济意义，而合成农药是导致其数量下降的主要因素之一。植物源生物农药因其高选择性和较短的环境持久性，可能成为植物防御中合成农药的可行替代品。近年来，在改进这些产品的研发和效果方面已取得科学进展。然而，关于它们对环境和非目标物种的不利影响的知识仍然匮乏，特别是与合成产品相比。在此，我们总结了关于植物源生物农药对不同群居和独居蜜蜂群体毒性的研究。我们强调了这些产品对蜜蜂的致死和亚致死效应、缺乏评估生物农药对传粉者风险的统一方案，以及对特定蜜蜂群体（如庞大且多样的独居蜜蜂群体）研究的稀缺性。结果表明，植物源生物农药对蜜蜂会产生致死效应和大量亚致死效应。然而，将这些化合物的影响与合成化合物的影响相比较时，其毒性是有限的。
