Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 400, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.
J Gambl Stud. 2020 Jun;36(2):653-668. doi: 10.1007/s10899-020-09937-2.
The near-miss effect in gambling refers to a losing situation that is (or perceived to be) close to a win by the gambler. This effect is one of the many cognitive distortions that can occur during gambling games. The main objective of the present study was to analyze the electrophysiological correlates of the near-miss effect via an event-related potential (ERP) study examining four distinct gambling outcomes: win, full miss, near-miss before the payline, and near-miss after the payline. This study comprised 23 healthy voluntary participants (10 women) with ages ranging between 19 and 34 years (M = 22.5; SD = 3.65). All participants completed the South Oaks Gambling Screen and played a computerized slot machine, programed to induce the near-miss effect and specifically designed for an ERP study. By splitting the near-miss effect in two subtypes (before and after the payline), increased feedback-related negativity (FRN) was found for the near-misses after the payline in comparison to losses and also to near-misses before the payline. Results also indicated an increased P300 amplitude for the near-misses before the payline compared both with losses and with near-misses after the payline. The results suggest that both FRN and P300 present different sensitivities to near-miss subtypes, suggesting a payline effect that is not demonstrated when the data of near-misses before and after the payline are analyzed together. This is the first study to analyze the effect of the near-miss subtype in an ERP study and confirms the findings of previous behavioral studies.
赌博中的近失效应是指赌徒在接近赢钱的输局中（或感觉接近赢钱）。这种效应是赌博游戏中许多认知扭曲之一。本研究的主要目的是通过一项事件相关电位（ERP）研究分析近失效应的电生理相关性，该研究考察了四种不同的赌博结果：赢、全输、未中奖金线前的近失和未中奖金线后的近失。本研究包括 23 名年龄在 19 岁至 34 岁之间（M=22.5；SD=3.65）的健康自愿参与者（10 名女性）。所有参与者都完成了南奥克斯赌博筛查，并玩了一个计算机化的老虎机，该老虎机被编程为诱导近失效应，并专门为 ERP 研究设计。通过将近失效应分为两个亚型（奖金线前和奖金线后），发现与损失相比，奖金线后的近失会引起更大的反馈相关负波（FRN），也会引起奖金线前的近失。结果还表明，与损失和奖金线后的近失相比，奖金线前的近失会引起更大的 P300 振幅。结果表明，FRN 和 P300 对近失亚型的敏感性不同，这表明当一起分析奖金线前后的近失数据时，不存在奖金线效应。这是第一项在 ERP 研究中分析近失亚型效应的研究，证实了之前行为研究的发现。
