Pitman Kara J, Moore Jonathan W, Sloat Matthew R, Beaudreau Anne H, Bidlack Allison L, Brenner Richard E, Hood Eran W, Pess George R, Mantua Nathan J, Milner Alexander M, Radić Valentina, Reeves Gordon H, Schindler Daniel E, Whited Diane C
Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Earth2Oceans Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada.
Bioscience. 2020 Mar 1;70(3):220-236. doi: 10.1093/biosci/biaa015. Epub 2020 Mar 11.
Glaciers have shaped past and present habitats for Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in North America. During the last glacial maximum, approximately 45% of the current North American range of Pacific salmon was covered in ice. Currently, most salmon habitat occurs in watersheds in which glacier ice is present and retreating. This synthesis examines the multiple ways that glacier retreat can influence aquatic ecosystems through the lens of Pacific salmon life cycles. We predict that the coming decades will result in areas in which salmon populations will be challenged by diminished water flows and elevated water temperatures, areas in which salmon productivity will be enhanced as downstream habitat suitability increases, and areas in which new river and lake habitat will be formed that can be colonized by anadromous salmon. Effective conservation and management of salmon habitat and populations should consider the impacts of glacier retreat and other sources of ecosystem change.
冰川塑造了北美太平洋鲑鱼（Oncorhynchus spp.）过去和现在的栖息地。在末次盛冰期，北美目前太平洋鲑鱼分布范围约45%被冰川覆盖。目前，大多数鲑鱼栖息地位于有冰川冰且正在消退的流域。本综述通过太平洋鲑鱼生命周期的视角，研究了冰川消退影响水生生态系统的多种方式。我们预测，在未来几十年里，一些地区的鲑鱼种群将面临水流减少和水温升高的挑战；一些地区随着下游栖息地适宜性增加，鲑鱼生产力将得到提高；还有一些地区将形成可被溯河产卵鲑鱼殖民的新河流和湖泊栖息地。对鲑鱼栖息地和种群进行有效的保护和管理，应考虑冰川消退及其他生态系统变化来源的影响。
