Yasser Faiqua, Sherazi Rubab, Shahbaz Raja Y, Iqbal Nedal, Iqbal Sadia, Kamran Rizwana
Oral Pathology, Institute of Dentistry, CMH Lahore Medical and Dental College, National University of Medical Sciences, Lahore, PAK.
Operative Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, CMH Lahore Medical and Dental College, National University of Medical Sciences, Lahore, PAK.
Cureus. 2020 Feb 3;12(2):e6863. doi: 10.7759/cureus.6863.
Introduction Chronic hepatitis B and C are the leading causes of chronic liver disease and a significant cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Hepatitis B is a preventable disease with vaccination, which is available worldwide. About 257 million people are affected worldwide with hepatitis B and around 71 million people with hepatitis C, and Pakistan is the second most prevalent country with hepatitis C. The possible mode of spread of hepatitis B and C in chronic liver disease patients presenting at CMH medical wards and dental clinics was evaluated. Among various types of hepatitis, A, B, and C are the most common. The course of disease followed by hepatitis A is short term, but when we talk about the common types, which are B and C, the disease is chronic and, moreover, the complications associated with these types are more severe too. Materials and methods The study was carried out at the medical wards and dental clinics of CMH Lahore Medical College. A total of 240 patients were evaluated for the possible mode of spread of hepatitis B and C. A detailed history regarding the use of needles, surgical procedures, including dental treatment, unsterilized razors for shaving (barbers'), blood transfusions, tattooing, and mode of delivery in females, was evaluated and data were interpreted. Aims and objectives To observe the mode of spread of hepatitis B and C among patients of CMH Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry. Results The results of our study revealed that the most common mode of spread of disease in males was exposure to infected blades and instruments at barbers' shops. In females, blood transfusion and caesarian section, especially in rural areas, remained the most common possible cause of spread. A small number of patients was not aware of the possible mode of transmission, whereas a few others did not seek treatment for the disease. Conclusion From our study, we can conclude that a substantial number of patients with chronic liver disease have exposure to various risk factors. Exposure to the unsterilized equipment of barbers and improperly screened blood remains the main cause of the spread of hepatitis B and C in males whereas surgical procedures related to gynecological procedures and blood transfusions remain the second most common cause. Dental procedures in the hands of trained dental professionals/dentists carry less danger of transmitting the disease but carry an equally high incidence if quacks do the dental procedures.
引言
慢性乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎是慢性肝病的主要病因，也是全球范围内死亡率和发病率的重要原因。乙型肝炎是一种可通过接种疫苗预防的疾病，疫苗在全球范围内均可获得。全球约有2.57亿人感染乙型肝炎，约7100万人感染丙型肝炎，巴基斯坦是丙型肝炎第二大流行国家。对拉合尔医学院军医院（CMH）内科病房和牙科诊所的慢性肝病患者中乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎的可能传播方式进行了评估。在各种类型的肝炎中，甲型、乙型和丙型最为常见。甲型肝炎病程较短，但当我们讨论常见类型，即乙型和丙型时，疾病是慢性的，而且与这些类型相关的并发症也更严重。
材料与方法
该研究在拉合尔医学院军医院的内科病房和牙科诊所进行。共对240名患者进行了乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎可能传播方式的评估。评估了关于使用针头、外科手术（包括牙科治疗）、未消毒的剃须刀片（理发店）、输血、纹身以及女性分娩方式的详细病史，并对数据进行了解释。
目的
观察拉合尔医学院军医院和牙科学院患者中乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎的传播方式。
结果
我们的研究结果显示，男性中最常见的疾病传播方式是在理发店接触受感染的刀片和器械。在女性中，输血和剖腹产，尤其是在农村地区，仍然是最常见的可能传播原因。少数患者不知道可能的传播方式，而其他一些患者则未寻求该病的治疗。
结论
从我们的研究中可以得出结论，相当数量的慢性肝病患者接触到各种危险因素。接触理发店未消毒的设备和筛查不当的血液仍然是男性中乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎传播的主要原因，而与妇科手术相关的外科手术和输血仍然是第二大常见原因。由训练有素的牙科专业人员/牙医进行的牙科手术传播疾病的风险较小，但如果由庸医进行牙科手术，发病率同样很高。
