McAleavy Tony
Assistant Professor in Fire & Emergency Management, Fire & Emergency Management Program, Division of Technology, College of Engineering, Architecture & Technology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma.
J Emerg Manag. 2020 Mar/Apr;18(2):91-104. doi: 10.5055/jem.2020.0453.
This study investigates emergency manager's perceptions of Command and Control to answer the question "how do emergency managers metaphorically interpret Command and Control?"
An interpretivist paradigm, verbatim transcription, and content and linguistic metaphor analysis were used within this study.
Fifteen interviews per country, three per selected organization were conducted in the United Kingdom and the United States of America.
Purposive sampling identified suitable participants from key organizations engaged in emergency management at local, subnational, and national levels.
The study consisted of 30 semi-structured face-to-face interviews conducted within the work-place.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The inductive and qualitative nature of the study resulted in a 300,000-word corpus of data from which the two posited theories emerged.
The UK Gold, Silver, Bronze model and the USA Incident Command System were considered tried and tested although they are conceptually misunderstood. Moreover, they are believed to be essential, scalable, and flexible. Able to manage the perceived chaos of increasing scales of disaster which contradicts the existing literature.
Two conceptual metaphors are theorized to create flexible learning tools that challenge the entrenched nature of these findings. Command and Control as a Candle demonstrates the effects of increasing disaster scale on systemic efficacy. Command and Control as a Golden Thread illustrates problems caused by time, distance, resource depletion, and infrastructure degradation. These tools engender deeper more critical perspectives by linking theory to practice through metaphor to engender perceptual change.
本研究调查应急管理人员对指挥与控制的认知，以回答“应急管理人员如何从隐喻角度解读指挥与控制？”这一问题。
本研究采用解释主义范式、逐字转录以及内容和语言隐喻分析。
在英国和美国，每个国家进行了15次访谈，每个选定组织进行了3次访谈。
目的抽样从地方、次国家和国家层面参与应急管理的关键组织中确定了合适的参与者。
该研究包括在工作场所进行的30次半结构化面对面访谈。
该研究的归纳性和定性性质产生了一个30万字的数据语料库，从中得出了两种假设理论。
英国的金、银、铜模型和美国的 incident command system 被认为经过了试验和检验，尽管在概念上存在误解。此外，它们被认为是必不可少的、可扩展的和灵活的。能够管理日益严重的灾害所带来的混乱局面，这与现有文献相悖。
理论上提出了两种概念隐喻，以创建灵活的学习工具，挑战这些发现的根深蒂固的性质。“指挥与控制如蜡烛”展示了灾害规模增加对系统效能的影响。“指挥与控制如金线”说明了时间、距离、资源枯竭和基础设施退化所造成的问题。这些工具通过隐喻将理论与实践联系起来，引发认知变化，从而产生更深入、更具批判性的观点。
