PROCyTox, French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), University Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
PROCyTox, French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), University Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res. 2020 Jan-Mar;783:108287. doi: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.108287. Epub 2019 Nov 8.
In the absence of physical data, biodosimetry tools are required for fast dose and risk assessment in the event of radiological or nuclear mass accidents or attacks to triage exposed humans and take immediate medical countermeasures. Biodosimetry tools have mostly been developed for retrospective dose assessment and the follow-up of victims of irradiation. Among them, cytogenetics analyses, to reveal chromosome damage, are the most developed and allow the determination of doses from blood samples as low as 100 mGy. Various cytogenetic tests have already allowed retrospective dose assessment of Chernobyl liquidators and military personnel exposed to nuclear tests after decades. In this review, we discuss the properties of various biodosimetry techniques, such as their sensitivity and limitations as a function of the time from exposure, using multiple examples of nuclear catastrophes or working exposure. Among them, chromosome FISH hybridization, which reveals chromosome translocations, is the most reliable due to the persistence of translocations for decades, whereas dicentric chromosome and micronuclei assays allow rapid and accurate dose assessment a short time after exposure. Both need to be adjusted through mathematical algorithms for retrospective analyses, accounting for the time since exposure and the victims' age. The goal for the future will be to better model chromosome damage, reduce the time to result, and develop new complementary biodosimetry approaches, such as mutation signatures.
在缺乏物理数据的情况下，需要生物剂量学工具来快速评估放射性或核大规模事故或袭击中的剂量和风险，以便对暴露的人类进行分类，并采取立即的医疗对策。生物剂量学工具主要是为回顾性剂量评估和照射受害者的后续治疗而开发的。其中，细胞遗传学分析揭示染色体损伤，是最发达的，可以从低至 100mGy 的血液样本中确定剂量。各种细胞遗传学测试已经允许对切尔诺贝利抢险人员和在核试验后几十年中暴露于核试验的军人进行回顾性剂量评估。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了各种生物剂量学技术的特性，例如它们的敏感性和局限性，以及暴露后时间的函数，使用了多个核灾难或工作暴露的例子。其中，染色体 FISH 杂交揭示染色体易位，由于易位数十年的持久性，是最可靠的，而双着丝粒染色体和微核试验允许在暴露后短时间内快速准确地评估剂量。两者都需要通过数学算法进行回顾性分析进行调整，以考虑暴露时间和受害者的年龄。未来的目标将是更好地模拟染色体损伤，减少结果时间，并开发新的补充生物剂量学方法，如突变特征。
