Aquatic vascular plants - A forgotten piece of nature in microplastic research.

Research on the interaction of microplastics and aquatic organisms has been mainly focused on the evaluation of various impacts on animals while aquatic vascular plants have been so far understudied. In this commentary, we summarized knowledge about interactions of microplastics with aquatic vascular plants and highlighted potential ecological implications. Based on recent research, microplastics have minimal impacts on plants. However, they are strongly attracted to plant tissues, adsorbed, and accumulated by plants. Several mechanisms drive microplastics adsorption and accumulation; the most possibly electrostatic forces, leaf morphology, and presence of periphyton belong among the most important ones. Adsorbed microplastics on plant tissues are easily ingested by herbivores. Plants can thus represent a viable pathway for microplastics to enter aquatic food webs. On the other hand, the strong interactions of microplastics with plants could be used for their phytostabilization and final removal from the environment. Aquatic vascular plants have thus an important role in the behavior and fate of microplastics in aquatic ecosystems, and therefore, they should also be included in the future microplastic research.