Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA; email:
Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich and University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland CH-8091.
Annu Rev Virol. 2020 Sep 29;7(1):83-101. doi: 10.1146/annurev-virology-012420-022445. Epub 2020 Mar 20.
The seasonal cycle of respiratory viral diseases has been widely recognized for thousands of years, as annual epidemics of the common cold and influenza disease hit the human population like clockwork in the winter season in temperate regions. Moreover, epidemics caused by viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 occur during the winter months. The mechanisms underlying the seasonal nature of respiratory viral infections have been examined and debated for many years. The two major contributing factors are the changes in environmental parameters and human behavior. Studies have revealed the effect of temperature and humidity on respiratory virus stability and transmission rates. More recent research highlights the importance of the environmental factors, especially temperature and humidity, in modulating host intrinsic, innate, and adaptive immune responses to viral infections in the respiratory tract. Here we review evidence of how outdoor and indoor climates are linked to the seasonality of viral respiratory infections. We further discuss determinants of host response in the seasonality of respiratory viruses by highlighting recent studies in the field.
呼吸道病毒疾病的季节性循环已被广泛认识了数千年，因为在温带地区，每年冬季都会准时出现普通感冒和流感等疾病的流行。此外，由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒（SARS-CoV）和新出现的 SARS-CoV-2 等病毒引起的流行也发生在冬季。多年来，人们一直在研究和讨论呼吸道病毒感染季节性的机制。两个主要的促成因素是环境参数和人类行为的变化。研究揭示了温度和湿度对呼吸道病毒稳定性和传播率的影响。最近的研究强调了环境因素，尤其是温度和湿度，在调节宿主固有、先天和适应性免疫对呼吸道病毒感染反应方面的重要性。在这里，我们回顾了有关户外和室内气候与病毒性呼吸道感染季节性之间关系的证据。我们进一步讨论了宿主反应季节性的决定因素，突出了该领域的最新研究。
