Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2020 Mar;24(5):2750-2775. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_202003_20548.
The microbiome plays a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of the organism. Recent evidence has provided novel insights for understanding the interaction between the microbiota and the host. However, the vast majority of such studies have analyzed the interactions taking place in the intestinal tract. The biliary tree has traditionally been considered sterile under normal conditions. However, the advent of metagenomic techniques has revealed an unexpectedly rich bacterial community in the biliary tract. Associations between specific microbiological patterns and inflammatory biliary diseases and cancer have been recently described. Hence, biliary dysbiosis may be a primary trigger in the pathogenesis of biliary diseases. In particular, recent studies have suggested that microorganisms could play a significant role in the development of gallstones, pathogenesis of autoimmune cholangiopathies and biliary carcinogenesis. Moreover, the intimate connection between the biliary tract, liver and pancreas, could reveal hidden influences on the development of diseases of these organs. Further studies are needed to deepen the comprehension of the influence of the biliary microbiota in human pathology. This knowledge could lead to the formulation of strategies for modulating the biliary microbiota in order to treat and prevent these pathological conditions.
肠道微生物群在维持机体的内稳态中起着至关重要的作用。最近的证据为理解微生物群与宿主之间的相互作用提供了新的见解。然而，绝大多数此类研究分析了发生在肠道中的相互作用。在正常情况下，胆管树被传统认为是无菌的。然而，宏基因组技术的出现揭示了胆管中存在一个出乎意料的丰富细菌群落。最近描述了特定微生物群模式与炎症性胆道疾病和癌症之间的关联。因此，胆道微生态失调可能是胆道疾病发病机制的主要触发因素。特别是，最近的研究表明，微生物可能在胆结石的形成、自身免疫性胆管病的发病机制和胆道癌发生中起重要作用。此外，胆道、肝脏和胰腺之间的密切联系可能揭示了这些器官疾病发展中的隐藏影响。需要进一步的研究来加深对胆道微生物群在人类病理学中影响的理解。这些知识可能会导致制定调节胆道微生物群的策略，以治疗和预防这些病理状况。
