Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060, San José, Costa Rica.
Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060, San José, Costa Rica; Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060, San José, Costa Rica.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2020 Jun 1;195:110460. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110460. Epub 2020 Mar 19.
Biopurification systems (BPS) or biobeds have been developed to attenuate point-source contamination due to inappropriate pesticide handling or disposal of agricultural wastewaters. The biomixture used for this strategy should be able to remove different active ingredients but its efficiency can vary due to the constant load of pesticides from crop application programs. For that reason, the performance of biomixtures in conditions that mimic the real pesticide treatment before their implementation in field settings should be assayed. This study aimed to evaluate the removal and detoxifying capacity of a previously formulated biomixture (coconut fiber, 50% v/v; compost, 25%; and soil pre-exposed to pesticides, 25%) during a simulated cycle of pesticide application (93 days) for potato production. The scheme included a first application of linuron followed by a weekly alternated treatment of the mixtures chlorpyrifos/metalaxyl and malathion/dimethomorph, and antibiotics at day 72. The biomixture showed efficient removal of linuron (half-life <15 days), and a fluctuating transformation rate for the other compounds. A constant and sustained removal was observed for malathion and methalaxyl. In contrast, lower efficiency and accumulation was described for chlorpyrifos and dimethomorph. Following antibiotic treatment, changes on pesticide removal were observed only in the case of chlorpyrifos, whose removal was slightly enhanced. Furthermore, acute toxicity assays showed limited detoxification of the matrix, especially when compounds began to accumulate. Summarizing, our experiments showed that the proposed biomixture does not support a proper removal of the pesticides during the simulated application cycle of potato production. Further optimization of a biopurification system is required to guarantee the successful elimination of pesticide combinations when applied in field conditions.
生物净化系统（BPS）或生物床已被开发出来，以减轻由于不当处理或处置农业废水而导致的点源污染。用于该策略的生物混合物应该能够去除不同的有效成分，但由于作物应用计划中农药的持续负荷，其效率可能会有所不同。出于这个原因，应该在将生物混合物实际应用于田间环境之前，模拟实际农药处理条件来评估其性能。本研究旨在评估一种预先配制的生物混合物（椰子纤维，50%v/v；堆肥，25%；以及预先暴露于农药的土壤，25%）在模拟马铃薯生产中农药应用周期（93 天）期间的去除和解毒能力。该方案包括首先施用利谷隆，然后每周交替处理混合物氯吡氟/金属axyl 和马拉硫磷/二甲硫醚，以及第 72 天的抗生素。生物混合物对利谷隆表现出有效的去除作用（半衰期<15 天），对其他化合物的转化率则波动较大。马拉硫磷和二甲硫醚表现出持续稳定的去除作用。相比之下，氯吡氟和二甲硫醚的去除效率和积累量较低。在抗生素处理后，仅在氯吡氟的情况下观察到对农药去除的变化，其去除略有增强。此外，农药去除的急性毒性试验仅在氯吡氟的情况下观察到变化，其去除略有增强。此外，农药去除的急性毒性试验仅在氯吡氟的情况下观察到变化，其去除略有增强。此外，农药去除的急性毒性试验仅在氯吡氟的情况下观察到变化，其去除略有增强。此外，急性毒性试验表明，基质的解毒能力有限，尤其是当化合物开始积累时。总之，我们的实验表明，所提出的生物混合物在模拟马铃薯生产中的农药应用周期中不能有效地去除农药。需要进一步优化生物净化系统，以保证在田间条件下成功消除农药组合。
