School of Aviation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
School of Aviation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
J Safety Res. 2020 Feb;72:173-187. doi: 10.1016/j.jsr.2019.12.015. Epub 2020 Jan 14.
Fatigue is one of the most crucial factors that contribute to a decrease of the operating performance of aircraft pilots and car drivers and, as such, plays a dangerous role in transport safety. To reduce fatigue-related tragedies and to increase the quality of a healthy life, many studies have focused on exploring effective methods and psychophysiological indicators for detecting and monitoring fatigue. However, those fatigue indicators rose many discrepancies among simulator and field studies, due to the vague conceptualism of fatigue, per se, which hinders the development of fatigue monitoring devices.
This paper aims to give psychological insight of the existing non-invasive measures for driver and pilot fatigue by differentiating sleepiness and mental fatigue. Such a study helps to improve research results for a wide range of researchers whose interests lie in the development of in-vehicle fatigue detection devices. First, the nature of fatigue for drivers/pilots is elucidated regarding fatigue types and fatigue responses, which reshapes our understanding of the fatigue issue in the transport industry. Secondly, the widely used objective neurophysiological methods, including electroencephalography (EEG), electrooculography (EOG), and electrocardiography (ECG), physical movement-based methods, vehicle-based methods, fitness-for-duty test as well as subjective methods (self-rating scales) are introduced. On the one hand, considering the difference between mental fatigue and sleepiness effects, the links between the objective and subjective indicators and fatigue are thoroughly investigated and reviewed. On the other hand, to better determine fatigue occurrence, a new combination of measures is recommended, as a single measure is not sufficient to yield a convincing benchmark of fatigue. Finally, since video-based techniques of measuring eye metrics offer a promising and practical method for monitoring operator fatigue, the relationship between fatigue and these eye metrics, that include blink-based, pupil-based, and saccade-based features, are also discussed. To realize a pragmatic fatigue detector for operators in the future, this paper concludes with a discussion on the future directions in terms of methodology of conducting operator fatigue research and fatigue analysis by using eye-related parameters.
疲劳是导致飞机驾驶员和汽车驾驶员操作性能下降的最重要因素之一，因此在运输安全中起着危险的作用。为了减少与疲劳相关的悲剧，提高健康生活的质量，许多研究都集中在探索有效的方法和心理生理指标来检测和监测疲劳。然而，由于疲劳本身的概念模糊，这些疲劳指标在模拟器和现场研究中存在许多差异，这阻碍了疲劳监测设备的发展。
本文旨在通过区分嗜睡和精神疲劳，为驾驶员和飞行员的现有非侵入性疲劳测量方法提供心理学上的见解。这样的研究有助于提高对广泛研究人员的研究结果，这些研究人员的兴趣在于开发车载疲劳检测设备。首先，阐述了驾驶员/飞行员的疲劳本质，包括疲劳类型和疲劳反应，这重新塑造了我们对运输行业中疲劳问题的理解。其次，介绍了广泛使用的客观神经生理方法，包括脑电图（EEG）、眼电图（EOG）和心电图（ECG）、基于身体运动的方法、基于车辆的方法、适航性测试以及主观方法（自我评定量表）。一方面，考虑到精神疲劳和嗜睡效应的区别，深入研究和综述了客观和主观指标与疲劳之间的联系。另一方面，为了更好地确定疲劳的发生，建议采用新的措施组合，因为单一措施不足以提供令人信服的疲劳基准。最后，由于基于视频的眼动测量技术为监测操作人员疲劳提供了一种有前途和实用的方法，因此还讨论了疲劳与这些眼动指标之间的关系，这些指标包括基于眨眼、基于瞳孔和基于扫视的特征。为了在未来为操作人员实现实用的疲劳探测器，本文还讨论了使用与眼睛相关的参数进行操作人员疲劳研究和疲劳分析的未来方法方向。
