Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Global Biotechnology & Biomedical Research Network (GBBRN), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia, 7003, Bangladesh.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2020 Dec;27(36):44659-44672. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-08243-z. Epub 2020 Mar 23.
Neurodegenerative disorders are typically sporadic in nature in addition to usually influenced through an extensive range of environmental factors, lifestyle, and genetic elements. Latest observations have hypothesized that exposure of environmental factors may increase the prospective risk of Alzheimer's diseases (AD). However, the role of environmental factors as a possible dangerous issue has extended importance concerned in AD pathology, although actual etiology of the disorder is still not yet clear. Thus, the aim of this review is to highlight the possible correlation between environmental factors and AD, based on the present literature view. Environmental risk factors might play an important role in decelerating or accelerating AD progression. Among well-known environmental risk factors, prolonged exposure to several heavy metals, for example, aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury; particulate air, and some pesticides as well as metal-containing nanoparticles have been participated to cause AD. These heavy metals have the capacity to enhance amyloid β (Aβ) peptide along with tau phosphorylation, initiating amyloid/senile plaques, as well as neurofibrillary tangle formation; therefore, neuronal cell death has been observed. Furthermore, particulate air, pesticides, and heavy metal exposure have been recommended to lead AD susceptibility and phenotypic diversity though epigenetic mechanisms. Therefore, this review deliberates recent findings detailing the mechanisms for a better understanding the relationship between AD and environmental risk factors along with their mechanisms of action on the brain functions.
神经退行性疾病通常是散发性的，此外还通常受到广泛的环境因素、生活方式和遗传因素的影响。最新的观察结果假设，环境因素的暴露可能会增加阿尔茨海默病（AD）的潜在风险。然而，环境因素作为一个可能的危险问题的作用在 AD 病理学中已经扩展到了重要的关注，尽管该疾病的实际病因尚不清楚。因此，本综述的目的是根据目前的文献观点，强调环境因素与 AD 之间可能存在的相关性。环境危险因素可能在减缓或加速 AD 进展方面发挥重要作用。在已知的环境危险因素中，长时间暴露于多种重金属，如铝、砷、镉、铅和汞；颗粒空气以及一些农药和含金属纳米颗粒，已被认为会导致 AD。这些重金属能够增强淀粉样β（Aβ）肽和 tau 磷酸化，引发淀粉样蛋白/老年斑以及神经原纤维缠结的形成；因此，观察到神经元细胞死亡。此外，颗粒空气、农药和重金属暴露已被认为通过表观遗传机制导致 AD 的易感性和表型多样性。因此，本综述详细阐述了最近的发现，这些发现详细说明了 AD 与环境危险因素之间的关系以及它们对大脑功能的作用机制。
