Chung Peter J, Patel Dilip R, Nizami Iman
Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA.
Transl Pediatr. 2020 Feb;9(Suppl 1):S46-S54. doi: 10.21037/tp.2019.11.01.
Writing is a complex task that is vital to learning and is usually acquired in the early years of life. 'Dysgraphia' and 'specific learning disorder in written expression' are terms used to describe those individuals who, despite exposure to adequate instruction, demonstrate writing ability discordant with their cognitive level and age. Dysgraphia can present with different symptoms at different ages. Different theories have been proposed regarding the mechanisms of dysgraphia. Dysgraphia is poorly understood and is often undiagnosed. It has a high rate of co-morbidity with other learning and psychiatric disorders. The diagnosis and treatment of dysgraphia and specific learning disorders typically centers around the educational system; however, the pediatrician can play an important role in surveillance and evaluation of co-morbidity as well as provision of guidance and support.
书写是一项复杂的任务，对学习至关重要，通常在生命的早期阶段习得。“书写障碍”和“书面表达特定学习障碍”是用于描述那些尽管接受了充分的指导，但书写能力与其认知水平和年龄不相符的个体的术语。书写障碍在不同年龄段可能会表现出不同的症状。关于书写障碍的机制，已经提出了不同的理论。书写障碍目前还未得到充分理解，常常未被诊断出来。它与其他学习和精神障碍的共病率很高。书写障碍和特定学习障碍的诊断与治疗通常以教育系统为核心；然而，儿科医生在监测和评估共病情况以及提供指导和支持方面可以发挥重要作用。
