Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) and Ramón y Cajal Institute of Health Research (IRYCIS), Spain; Ramón y Cajal University Hospital (HURC) Foundation for Biomedical Research, Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI), Madrid, Spain.
Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) and Ramón y Cajal Institute of Health Research (IRYCIS), Spain; Ramón y Cajal University Hospital (HURC) Foundation for Biomedical Research, Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI), Madrid, Spain.
Sci Total Environ. 2020 Jun 25;723:138166. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138166. Epub 2020 Mar 23.
Vultures have evolved adaptive mechanisms to prevent infections associated with their scavenging lifestyle. However, food-borne exposure to antimicrobial pharmaceuticals can promote opportunistic infections with adverse outcomes. Here, we used multivariate and network analyses to increase understanding of the behavior of the yeast communities causing oral mycosis outbreaks recently reported in wild nestling cinereous (Aegypius monachus), griffon (Gyps fulvus) and Egyptian (Neophron percnopterus) vultures (CV, GV and EV, respectively) exposed to antibiotics from livestock farming. Common and unique yeast signatures (of Candida, Debaromyces, Diutina, Meyerozyma, Naganishia, Pichia, Rhodotorula, Trichosporon and Yarrowia species) associated with oral mycoses were identified in the three vulture species. Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) highlighted that oral lesions from CV and GV shared similar yeast signatures (of major causative pathogens of opportunistic mycoses, such as Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis), while EV had a distinct yeast signature (of uncommon pathogenic species, such as Candida dubliniensis, Candida zeylanoides, Pichia fermentans and Rhodotorula spp.). Synergistic interactions between yeast species from distinct fungal phyla were found in lesions from CV and GV, but not in EV. These formed co-occurrence subnetworks with partially or fully connected topology. This study reveals that the composition, assembly and co-occurrence patterns of the yeast communities causing oral mycoses differ between vulture species with distinct feeding habits and scavenging lifestyles. Yeast species widely pathogenic to humans and animals, and yeast co-occurrence relationships, are distinctive hallmarks of oral mycoses in CV and GV. These vulture species are more exposed to antibiotics from intensively medicated livestock carcasses provided in supplementary feeding stations and show higher incidence of thrush-like oral lesions than EV. These findings may be useful for development of new initiatives or changes in the conservation of these avian scavengers affected by anthropogenic activities.
秃鹫进化出了适应性机制，以防止与它们的食腐生活方式相关的感染。然而，食物来源暴露于抗菌药物会促进机会性感染，导致不良后果。在这里，我们使用多元和网络分析来增加对导致最近报道的野生雏鸟秃鹫（Aegypius monachus）、大秃鹫（Gyps fulvus）和埃及秃鹫（Neophron percnopterus）口腔真菌病爆发的酵母群落行为的理解，这些秃鹫暴露于来自畜牧业的抗生素。在三种秃鹫中，鉴定出与口腔真菌病相关的常见和独特酵母特征（属 Candida、Debaromyces、Diutina、Meyerozyma、Naganishia、Pichia、Rhodotorula、Trichosporon 和 Yarrowia 种）。层次聚类分析（HCA）和主成分分析（PCA）突出表明，CV 和 GV 的口腔病变具有相似的酵母特征（机会性真菌感染的主要病原体，如白色念珠菌、近平滑念珠菌和热带念珠菌），而 EV 具有独特的酵母特征（不常见的致病性物种，如杜氏念珠菌、zeylanoides 念珠菌、发酵毕赤酵母和 Rhodotorula spp.）。在 CV 和 GV 的病变中发现了来自不同真菌门的酵母物种之间的协同相互作用，但在 EV 中没有。这些形成了具有部分或完全连通拓扑结构的共生子网络。本研究表明，具有不同食性和食腐生活方式的秃鹫物种中，引起口腔真菌病的酵母群落的组成、组装和共生模式存在差异。对人类和动物广泛致病的酵母物种以及酵母共生关系，是 CV 和 GV 口腔真菌病的显著特征。这些秃鹫物种更容易接触到在补充喂养站提供的大量用药物治疗的牲畜尸体中的抗生素，并且比 EV 表现出更高的鹅口疮样口腔病变发生率。这些发现可能有助于为受人类活动影响的这些鸟类食腐动物的保护制定新的举措或改变。
