Tang Julian W, Wilson Peter, Shetty Nandini, Noakes Catherine J
1Clinical Microbiology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals Leicester, Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, LE1 5WW UK.
2Clinical Microbiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK.
Curr Treat Options Infect Dis. 2015;7(3):176-201. doi: 10.1007/s40506-015-0057-1. Epub 2015 Jul 23.
Since the emergence of the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the 2003 reemergence of avian A/H5N1, the emergence of the 2009 pandemic influenza A/H1N1, the 2012 emergence of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), the 2013 emergence of avian A/H7N9 and the 2014 Ebola virus outbreaks, the potential for the aerosol transmission of infectious agents is now routinely considered in the investigation of any outbreak. Although many organisms have traditionally been considered to be transmitted by only one route (e.g. direct/indirect contact and/or faecal-orally), it is now apparent that the aerosol transmission route is also possible and opportunistic, depending on any potentially aerosol-generating procedures, the severity of illness and the degree and duration of pathogen-shedding in the infected patient, as well as the environment in which these activities are conducted.This article reviews the evidence and characteristics of some of the accepted (tuberculosis, measles, chickenpox, whooping cough) and some of the more opportunistic (influenza, , norovirus) aerosol-transmitted infectious agents and outlines methods of detecting and quantifying transmission.
自2003年严重急性呼吸综合征（SARS）出现、2003年甲型H5N1禽流感再次出现、2009年甲型H1N1大流行性流感出现、2012年中东呼吸综合征（MERS）出现、2013年甲型H7N9禽流感出现以及2014年埃博拉病毒爆发以来，在任何疫情调查中，现在都经常考虑传染源通过气溶胶传播的可能性。尽管传统上许多病原体被认为仅通过一种途径传播（如直接/间接接触和/或粪口传播），但现在很明显，气溶胶传播途径也是可能的，且具有机会性，这取决于任何可能产生气溶胶的操作、疾病的严重程度、感染患者体内病原体排出的程度和持续时间，以及进行这些活动的环境。本文回顾了一些已被认可的（结核病、麻疹、水痘、百日咳）和气溶胶传播的机会性更强的（流感、诺如病毒）传染源的证据和特征，并概述了检测和量化传播的方法。
