Franco Rafael, Rivas-Santisteban Rafael, Reyes-Resina Irene, Navarro Gemma, Martínez-Pinilla Eva
Chemistry School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Front Aging Neurosci. 2020 Mar 12;12:12. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00012. eCollection 2020.
The exact cause of Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease in modern societies, is still unknown. Many scientists point out that PD is caused by a complex interaction between different factors. Although the main risk factor is age, there are other influences, genetic and environmental, that individually or in combination may trigger neurodegenerative changes leading to PD. Nowadays, research remains focused on better understanding which environmental factors are related to the risk of developing PD and why. In line with the knowledge on evidence on exposures that prevent/delay PD onset or that impact on disease progression, the aims of this review were: (i) to comment on the non-genetic risk factors that mainly affect idiopathic PD; and (ii) to comment on seemingly reliable preventive interventions. We discuss both environmental factors that may affect the central nervous system (CNS) or the intestinal tract, and the likely mechanisms underlying noxious or protective actions. Knowledge on risk, protective factors, and mechanisms may help to envisage why nigral dopaminergic neurons are so vulnerable in PD and, eventually, to design new strategies for PD prevention and/or anti-PD therapy. This article reviews the variety of the known and suspected environmental factors, such as lifestyle, gut microbiota or pesticide exposition, and distinguishes between those that are harmful or beneficial for the PD acquisition or progression. In fact, the review covers one of the most novel players in the whole picture, and we address the role of microbiota on keeping a healthy CNS and/or on preventing the "side-effects" related to aging.
帕金森病（PD）是现代社会中第二常见的神经退行性疾病，其确切病因仍然未知。许多科学家指出，PD是由不同因素之间的复杂相互作用引起的。虽然主要风险因素是年龄，但还有其他遗传和环境影响因素，单独或共同作用可能引发导致PD的神经退行性变化。如今，研究仍集中在更好地理解哪些环境因素与患PD的风险相关以及原因。根据关于预防/延迟PD发病或影响疾病进展的暴露证据的知识，本综述的目的是：（i）评论主要影响特发性PD的非遗传风险因素；（ii）评论看似可靠的预防干预措施。我们讨论了可能影响中枢神经系统（CNS）或肠道的环境因素，以及有害或保护作用的潜在机制。关于风险、保护因素和机制的知识可能有助于设想为什么黑质多巴胺能神经元在PD中如此脆弱，并最终设计出预防PD和/或抗PD治疗的新策略。本文综述了各种已知和疑似的环境因素，如生活方式、肠道微生物群或接触农药，并区分了那些对PD的发生或进展有害或有益的因素。事实上，该综述涵盖了整个情况中最新颖的因素之一，我们探讨了微生物群在维持健康的CNS和/或预防与衰老相关的“副作用”方面的作用。
