Quality of self-reported cognition: effects of age and gender on spatial navigation self-reports.

Subjective measures of cognitive abilities are often used in various environments, such as clinical, experimental, and professional settings. Here, we assess the quality of such measures, specifically looking into the impact of age and gender. Spatial navigation ability will be used as an exemplary case, given its large individual variation and relevance to the healthy aging process. With a navigation experiment and a self-report questionnaire, the objective and subjective navigation performance of 7150 participants (age 18-89 years) was measured. Results showed the participants provided informative estimates of their cognitive performance. However, strong systematic biases were present related to age and gender. Overestimation increased with increasing age. Overestimation was also found for males, whereas underestimation was found for females. Consideration of such biases is recommended when implementing self-report measures of cognition and considering the potential impact these biases may have on cognitive functioning itself.