Institut für Biologie/Mikrobiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
Curr Opin Microbiol. 2020 Jun;55:57-66. doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.02.007. Epub 2020 Mar 31.
An overarching theme of cellular regulation in bacteria arises from the trade-off between growth and stress resilience. In addition, the formation of biofilms contributes to stress survival, since these dense multicellular aggregates, in which cells are embedded in an extracellular matrix of self-produced polymers, represent a self-constructed protective and homeostatic 'niche'. As shown here for the model bacterium Escherichia coli, the inverse coordination of bacterial growth with survival and the transition to multicellularity is achieved by a highly integrated regulatory network with several sigma subunits of RNA polymerase and a small number of transcriptional hubs as central players. By conveying information about the actual (micro)environments, nucleotide second messengers such as cAMP, (p)ppGpp, and in particular c-di-GMP are the key triggers and drivers that promote either growth or stress resistance and organized multicellularity in a world of limited resources.
细菌细胞调控的一个总体主题源于生长和应激弹性之间的权衡。此外，生物膜的形成有助于应激生存，因为这些密集的多细胞聚集体中，细胞嵌入在自我产生的聚合物细胞外基质中，代表了自我构建的保护性和动态平衡的“小生境”。如这里所示，对于模式细菌大肠杆菌，通过一个高度集成的调控网络，其中包括 RNA 聚合酶的几个 σ 亚基和少数转录枢纽作为核心参与者，实现了细菌生长与存活以及向多细胞性的逆协调。核苷酸第二信使，如 cAMP、（p）ppGpp，特别是 c-di-GMP，作为关键的触发和驱动因素，传递有关实际（微）环境的信息，促进了在有限资源的世界中生长或应激抗性和有组织的多细胞性。
