Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres, 31 98166, Messina, Italy.
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2020 Jun;104(11):4631-4642. doi: 10.1007/s00253-020-10590-3. Epub 2020 Apr 3.
The bacteria wall fulfills important physiological functions at the cell, depending on its composition and organization. Many researches focused their studies in understanding the change of its properties not only in strength and permeability, but also in morphological plasticity due to both chemical and physical stresses. In particular, filamentation morphology is a cryptic phenomenon, with involve for great variety of bacteria, which allow them to acquire adaptive benefits. This phenotypic alteration consists of an alteration or lack of cell septation during the cell growth, as consequence of DNA damage or development of stress, such as nutritional factors, antibiotic resistance, low temperature, non-availability of oxygen, high osmolarity, and antimicrobial agents. These cells result in modification of elongation 10-50 times, thickness, chemical composition, and extent of cross-linking of the cell wall polymers than normal-shaped cells. Moreover, the advancement in the morphology engineering permitted the manipulation of the genes encoding the proteins belonging to the plasma membrane or cytoplasm, to have the control over the bacterial shapes and of the its cytoplasmatic environment. In biotechnology application, the intracellular space is primary used for a greater accumulation of secondary products, such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). This review provides an insight into environmental induction of filamentation morphology and its use in biotechnological process. KEY POINTS: • Environmental stresses inducing filamentation morphology • Morphology engineering in biotechnological processes • Increase of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) accumulation.
细胞壁根据其组成和结构，在细胞中发挥着重要的生理功能。许多研究集中在理解其性质的变化上，不仅包括强度和渗透性，还包括由于化学和物理应激引起的形态可塑性。特别是丝状形态是一种隐蔽现象，涉及多种细菌，使它们能够获得适应性优势。这种表型改变包括在细胞生长过程中细胞分裂的改变或缺乏，这是由于 DNA 损伤或压力的发展，如营养因素、抗生素耐药性、低温、缺氧、高渗透压和抗菌剂。这些细胞导致细胞壁聚合物的伸长、厚度、化学成分和交联程度的改变是正常形状细胞的 10-50 倍。此外，形态工程的进步允许操纵编码属于质膜或细胞质的蛋白质的基因，从而控制细菌的形状及其细胞质环境。在生物技术应用中，细胞内空间主要用于更大程度地积累次级产物，如聚羟基烷酸酯（PHAs）。本文综述了环境诱导丝状形态的形成及其在生物技术过程中的应用。关键点：• 诱导丝状形态形成的环境压力• 生物技术过程中的形态工程• 增加聚羟基烷酸酯（PHAs）的积累。
